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The films were not smooth, with grains and porosity in between them, and become denser as film thickness increased.
Figure. 3 presents the average of the surface roughness and the grain size of the prepared ZnO thin films.
ZnO grains size and the surface roughness were gradually increase as result to increase the numbers layers.
Crystallization probably encourage large grains and moderate defects and dangling bonds.
Fig. 3 The grain size and average surface roughness of ZnO thin films as a function of the layers number obtained via AFM.

It is found that the intermetallic compound particles are located along grain boundaries of the equiaxed grains.
The grain sizes of all alloys increase with the holding time mainly because of the coalescence effect between grains.
The grains are very large with a number of liquid phase regions existing inside.
The grain size of this alloy slightly increases with holding time.
Moreover, it is found that the cold-rolling has a strong effect on the grain size, morphology and liquid phase in the α-Al grains of the Mn containing alloy.

The low frequency arc was due to the grain boundary and grain effect, and the high frequency arc was attributable to the grain effect [9-10].
The grain and grain boundaries resistance with different Al doping ratio are shown in Fig. 3 (b).
The grain and grain boundary are significantly presented in surface micrographs.
The number of grain boundaries is inverse proportional to the grain size.
The resistance of grain and grain boundary are obtained approximately though impedance spectra analysis.

The countries producing large volumes of grain use cereal cultures including wheat, corn, rye, millet to produce bioethanol.
However, widespread introduction of production technologies of biofuel in Kazakhstan, encounters a number of problems of both global, and regional character.
Use only of low-quality wheat going on a forage to cattle and the free rest of grain will allow making up to 1 billion liters (812 thousand tons) of bioethanol.
Only due to processing of the low-quality grain, which is annually formed in the course of production of grain crops, it is possible to make more than 3 billion l. biofuels.
Conclusion Now there is a number of the problems causing alarm of the international community accompanying development of production technologies of biofuel: – withdrawal from traditional agricultural land turnover under cultivation of biofuel monocultures that promotes falling of fertility of such lands, reduction in production of food vegetable raw materials in the certain countries, to increase in prices for the food at national and global level; – use for production of biofuel of food raw materials (grain, corn, sugar beet and reed, colza) that can also lead to increase in prices for the food in the world and, as a result, to increase in number of the starving people in the poorest countries.

For the simulation of martensite plates, 2 austenite grains are grown on a grid with 80 martensite nuclei placed on the boundaries of the austenite grains.
The computational cost is only dependent on the size of the domain and not the number of grains of martensite, bainite or austenite.
Each grain is assigned a global ID in order to distinguish it from other grains.
The treatment involving global IDs enables the simulation of two or more grains in close proximity without the model being confused as to the identity of each grain.
Yang, Computer simulation of the domain dynamics of a quenched system with a large number of nonconserved order parameters: The grain-growth kinetics, Physical Review B 50(1994)

The maximum number of passes by routes A, Bc, and C was N = 25, which corresponds to a true deformation ε ~ 29.
The distributions of the grain sizes and the grain boundary misorientations were determined using Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM).
Results and discussion The strength characteristics upon ECAP reach a constant level at a number of passes N = 5 and then do not change until N = 25 (Fig.1a).
The samples deformed by route Bc to N = 15 and N = 25 exhibit a small number of relatively coarser grains, of 1-1.5 µm in size.
Kuznetsov, in: Ultrafine Grained Materials IV, edited by Y.T.

The Si3N4 porous ceramic contains a plurality of Si3N4 crystal grains with pores formed in grain boundary which forms a three-dimensional network structure.
A number of patents describe the preparation of porous silicon nitride ceramics since the 1980s, such as a porous silicon nitride ceramics can be prepared by adding gypsum or coarse silicon powder to the raw materials [1,2] and Matsuura et al. got porous silicon nitride ceramics by adding rare earth oxides to the raw material of the silicon nitride [3].
Fig.5 shows that the silicon nitride porous body comprises a body part and a pore part, where in the body part is formed by a plurality of b- Si3N4 crystal grains, the silicon nitride crystal grains with pores formed in grain boundary which forms a three-dimensional network structure.
Large aspect ratio b-Si3N4 grains may be easily formed, which can be seen in Figure 7.
(4) Large aspect ratio b- Si3N4 grains may be easily formed at vacuum furnace, compared with at Nitrogen atmosphere pressure furnace.

The grain size of α phase was about 200 µm.
Raising the temperature to 720 °C resulted in an increase of the number of rotations that load to the destruction of the sample (from 7 for 700 °C to 16 for 720 °C).
The grain size at the surface was about 10 μm, it was about 60 μm in the centre, the fine grained surface layer was about 2.4 mm thick.
It should be noted that, elongated grains of the α phase, together with small grains of the same phase of a globular shape of 5 μm size were also observed.
The α grains are colored in grey, σ phase grains in white.

The application of pressure results in decreasing thermal activation and, thus, in the grows of number of dislocation sources and, finally, in the increase of DSH.
We show that the proposed model not only explains a number of known effects, but also suggests new ones.
One of the ways of increasing the intensity of substructure grain refinement is the increase of its amplitude [6].
As expected, we have some improvement of grain refinement (curve )(ed ), but structure failure has still increased (curve )(eθ ).
Varyukhin: In Ultrafine Grained Materials II, ed.

In order to investigate the flexural behavior of concrete beam reinforced with 500MPa fine grain high steel bars, four rectangle cross-section concrete beam subjected to static bending test were made.
Static bending test of concrete beam reinforced with 500MPa fine grain steel bars is necessary to get to know the characteristics of 500MPa steel bars as reinforcements for RC members.
Therefore, four static bending test of concrete beams reinforced with 500MPa fine grain steel bars were made and its mechanic characteristic, bearing capacity, crack and deflection were investigated.
Strain of steel bar and concrete increase sustainable with the increasing of load, number of crack increase and upward, deformation increase sustainable and stability.
Experiment results show that the mechanical performance of concrete beam reinforced with 500MPa fine grain high strength reinforcement was similar to normal concrete beam.