Search results

AFM studies indicate that the grain size and surface roughness increase with the film thickness.
This is mainly due to the increase in average sizes of grains caused by the increase of film thickness coming from the increasing number of laser pulses.
Average diameter of grains and surface roughness of CdS thin films CdS thin films Avg.
This means that as the number of laser pulses increases the bandgap reduce.
AFM images indicate that the microstructure of the films surface consist of spherical shaped grains.

The first number indicates the SiC content and the numbers after the Al and SiC indicate the average particle sizes.
If N/NoD≈1, the initial number of particles is equal to the number of dilatation steps.
Characteristically such a value is obtained in case if the number of grains decreases quickly under the influence of the dilatation at the beginning.
If the number of grains is N=50…400 in the image, this value will not be changed by some separate particles.
The hardness as a function of a) the RPS b) the Al grain sizes (the number being in front of the SiC indicates its quantity and the number being after it indicates the particle size in µm).

The {001} oriented grain centre gradually rotates around a <110> axis in small incremental steps when nearing the edge of the grain.
The role of variant selection and thus the number of product variants that actually appear after transformation still remains unclear.
The inverse pole figure (grey scale) in figure 3 shows a single layer of surface grains with specific grain morphology (elongated along RD).
The surface grains are very large in size (~200 µm) with irregular grain boundaries of which the majority exhibits the 3 (<111>60°) orientation relation which is generally connected with a reduced grain boundary energy [9].
grain 1.

This process, while being expensive to implement due to high tooling and raw material costs, saves a significant amount of money over the life of an airplane program due to greatly reducing the number of detail parts, which reduces the amount of expensive assembly that is required.
This monolithic technology will be used to reduce part count as well as the number of fasteners, assembly time, and weight all of which lead to cost savings for the product.
This fine grain material will also diffusion bond to standard grain alpha-beta alloys, as shown in Fig. 8, at 775 °C using the same time and pressure conditions [8].
These standard grain alloys typically require about 900 to 925 °C to fully diffusion bond.
At this temperature, the fine grain material will not only diffusion bond to itself but will also bond to standard grain alpha-beta alloys using the same time and pressure conditions.

There are a large number of small particles on the grain surface, the size of small particles is about100nm.
However, the morphology of biomorphic ZnO is not the ideal hexagonal prism, and there are a large number of small particles on the grain surface.
There are a large number of small particles on the grain surface, the size of small particles is about 100nm.

In the study process factors namely feed rate, speed and coolant were analysed to understand the effect on the surface roughness, percentage (%) of thickness reduction, grain size and hardness of the Aluminium (Al) sheet metal after forming.
In the study it is observed that, the surface roughness, percentage of thickness reduction, grain size and hardness, all are interrelated to each other and hence, it is necessary to employ statistical methods to predict these parameter’s dependency [3].
The obtained experimental results surface roughness, % of thickness reduction, grain size and hardness are tabulated below (Table 1).
Table 2 Model summary statistics for surface roughens, % of thickness reduction, grain size and hardness of incremental forming Source Standard deviation Mean R2 Adj.
The optimum search is then driven by the minimum tool path, in order to reduce the number of trials.

The results show that the specimens have uneven microstructure, and the grains are relatively small.
The grains grow mainly by the form of columnar and cluster-like, and there are obviously preferred orientation in the (220) plane.
Grain size: Considering the diffraction peak broadening caused by the grain size, the relationship between grain size D and the width of its real point β can be given by Scherrer formula: D (h k l) =k λ/β cos θ
Grain size of each small columnar is about 5μm.
Since the whole grain is in equilibrium, when the LIGA Ni micro-structure only exist micro-stress, the grain in a certain part is tensile stress, while the other part is the compressive stress.

The power of grain size was taken from a regression model developed previously that is able to predict the static recrystallisation kinetics of vast number of carbon and microalloyed steel grades.
It was reported that due to the pinning effect exerted by sulphur-rich particles, grain growth is delayed up to reheating temperatures as high as 1250°C, thus resulting in a fine austenite grain size prior to subsequent deformation.
No specific study was undertaken to vary the grain size and to estimate the grain size exponent (s) for two reasons: first, it is quite difficult to get large variations in grain size owing to the presence of sulphide inclusions, which retard the grain growth process up to at least 1250°C [2] and secondly, the grain size exponent has also been found to be strongly grain size dependent [8-10].
Hence, the equation developed for the grain size exponent (s) in the previous regression model [8-10] has been employed here in predicting the SRX kinetics.
Similarly, systematic relaxation tests carried out on a number of C/CMn steels yielded strain rate exponent values in the range -0.75 to -0.8.

The model also explicitly tracks the precipitate populations at grain boundaries and in the grain interior.
There are a number of calibration parameters in the model that have to be found by fitting predictions to experimental measurements.
The calibration procedure is discussed in more detail elsewhere [1, 2].Grain Evolution Model The grain evolution model predicts the dynamically recrystallized (DRX) grain size and subsequent grain growth in the FSW--SZ.
These new grains will then be susceptible to grain growth, giving the final SZ grain size.
This grain growth is modelled using a simple classical grain growth model based on the mean grain size and a single (average) HAGB energy.

In addition, that the nano-particles adsorbed on the surface of grains will hinder the growth of grains and lead to refine grains and increase the grain boundaries, thus melting caused by slight changes in the temperature.
The microstructure of Sn-30Bi-0.5Cu after adding nano-Ag was shown in Figure 2, indicating a large number of Ag3Sn micro-nano particles were adsorbed on grain boundaries [22].
(2)The Grain boundary strengthening.
Due to the high melting point of these particles and no reaction with the matrix, the added inert nano-particles such as TiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, and so on, may become the core of heterogeneous nucleation, to increase grain numbers, and particles adsorbed on grain boundaries will impede the migration of grain boundaries, refining grains.
The generated IMC adsorbed at grain boundaries and dispersed in the matrix, will hinder the migration of grain boundaries, refining grains.