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Recently, some groups have used different accurate analysis software (such as COMSOL [13], ANSYS [14] and computational fluid dynamics (CFD [15,16]) software) for simulating the ZnO nanowire growth process, which could determine and predict the experiment results [13,14].
The CVD process is a complex multiphysics in horizontaltube reactor, involving simulation heat, mass transfer, gas flow and chemical reaction.
In this work, a simple simulation was tailored to qualitatively reveal the flow characteristics as a function of carrier gas flow rate and time.
According to our simulation results, the In species concentration increases with the growth time.
Wen, Morphological evolution of ZnO nanostructures: experimental and preliminary simulation studies, CrystEngComm. 14 (2012) 5539-5543

Experimental Analysis on Flow Field Pattern of PEM Fuel Cells Devendra Prasad1,a, G Naga Srinivaslu2,b, Ajaya Bharti1,c, Naveen Kumar1,d* and Syed Mohd Azam1,e 1Applied Mechanics Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India 2Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India adevendralalla51091@gmail.com, bgnsnitw@gmail.com, cabharti@mnnit.ac.in, dchaudhary56naveen@gmail.com, emohdazam177@gmail.com *corresponding author Keywords: PEM Fuel Cell, CFD, Nature Inspired Flow Field, Serpentine, Leaf Channel.
Naga, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Comparison of Single, Double and Triple Serpentine Flow Channel Configuration on Performance of a PEM Fuel Cell, Arab.
Dukhan, Metal-Foam Bipolar Plate for PEM Fuel Cells: Simulations and Preliminary Results, Mater.

The enhancement of cooling effectiveness by trenched holes was presented by Baheri Islami et al. [15], in which they performed numerical simulations on seven different film cooling configurations on the leading edge of an airfoil.
The CFD results of Wang et al. [20] showed that the impact of the deflection angle of trench-leading edge is smaller than the impact of fillet radius of trench-trailing corner on film cooling effectiveness.
Hou et al. [21] have used large eddy simulation to examine trenched hole with different compound angles and coolant inflow orientations in improving the film cooling performance.
I., and Severina, V.V., Numerical Simulation of Film Cooling with a Coolant Supplied Through Holes in a Trench, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics, vol 90, no 3, pp. 637–643, 2017
[21] Hou, R., Wen, F., Wang, S., Luo, Y., Tang, X., Large eddy simulation of the trenched film cooling hole with different compound angles and coolant inflow orientation effects, Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 163, 2019

Various approaches for ornithopter aerodynamic modeling could be followed, such as the incorporation of leading edge and trailing vortices, and the use of CFD and lifting surface methods.
[10] KuiOu and Antony Jameson, Towards Computational Flapping Wing Aerodynamics of Realistic Configurations using Spectral Difference Method, AIAA 2011-3068, 20th AIAA CFD Conference, 2011 [11] Theodorsen, T., General Theory of Aerodynamic Instability and the Mechanism of Flutter, NACA Report No.496, 1949
[19] Harijono Djojodihardjo, Alif Syamim Syazwan Ramli, Kinematic and Unsteady Aerodynamic Modelling, Numerical Simulation and Parametric Study of Flapping Wing Ornithopter, Paper S3-B, Proceeding, International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics, 2013, 24 - 27 June 2013, Bristol, United Kingdom [20] Djojodihardjo, H., Ramli, A.S.S., Aziz, M.S.A., Ahmad, K.A., Numerical Modelling, Simulation and Visualization of Flapping Wing Ornithopter, International Conference on Engineering Materials and Processes, ICEMAP 2013, May 23-24, 2013

Another example can be found in the field of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), where a multistage metamodeling technique that links data coming from two different numerical sources (finite volumes and finite differences calculations) has been implemented [9].
Predictions obtained via equation (6) are based on the Lo-Fi simulations only.
Needless to say, the FEM simulation process is deterministic.
(a) Non calibrated simulations (b) Calibrated simulations Fig. 5: Confidence interval of the prediction error of the fusion models Conclusion In this paper we have shown that, in a specific test case, a hierarchical fusion model based on calibrated simulations yields the same prediction ability of a given response variable of a fusion metamodel built on non-calibrated simulations.
"The Metamodel in Simulation Analysis: Can It Be Trusted ?"

Although FSE can be considered extremely competitive even with respect to the direct method, as near-zero emissions of carbon dioxide and no emissions of metal oxide particulates are produced, the real potential of the process has not been still highlighted due to the significant knowledge gap present in literature especially regarding flux analysis and defect prediction via complete 3D FEM simulation.
Zhang et al. [18] recently proposed a CFD numerical model able to provide initial insights on the material flow occurring in FSEW of AA6061 aluminum alloys.
The results of these preliminary simulations showed that the relative density of the chips billet rapidly increased to 1 before the extrusion process took place.
This assumption linearizes the thermal problem speeding up the simulation.
The numerical simulation fully highlights the material movement in the chip chamber and extrusion channel (Fig. 8c).

Also, based on the obtained equation (2), we have created an integrated environment in the form of a computer simulation model.
It should be noted that the computer simulation model is developed on the basis of the C++ programming language, which allows modelling material particles without setting up an expensive experiment, and is also an object-oriented complex through its accuracy classes and data types, which allows obtaining and predicting reliable particle modelling information.
In Figure 3 shows an example of visualization of the software for modelling the backfill of material particles according to the developed computer simulation model.
Padding, Multiscale modelling of wall-to-bed heat transfer in fixed beds with non-spherical pellets: from particle-resolved CFD to pseudo-homogenous models, Chemical Engineering Science, 236 (2021) 1-15
Svirzhevskyi, Numerical simulation of the microstructure of structural-inhomogeneous materials, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (2020) 562-571

By numerical simulation[1] of excavation load, cutting process analysis[2] of cutter-head and other relevant model tests[3], domestic researchers proposed many theories such as theoretical model for estimating cutter-head torque[4], distribution law of cutter-head thrusting force, layout method of cutting tools[5], opening distribution characteristics of cutter-head[6] and so on.
Therefore, sequential cutting is more efficient than simultaneous cutting. 1.2 Optimal cutter spacing Through numerical simulation analysis and rock-breaking experiments on multi-cutters with Experimental System for Rock-breaking Mechanism of Disc Cutter, the study on the basic law of rock fragmentation by cutters has been conducted.
Numerical Simulation of Excavation Load on Cutterhead in Shield Tunneling Machine[J].
Dynamic Numerical Simulation of Excavation in Shield Tunnelling[J].
Study on the Opening Distribution Characteristics of Earth Pressure Balance Shield Cutter Head Based on CFD[J].

Based on the inspection of the Ainley and Mathieson and the Benner et al. models for profile losses, the two models are compared through numerical simulations.
In order to compare with the ratio of profile loss at any incidence to profile loss at zero incidence YpYpi=0 as stated in Ainley and Mathieson [2], here we introduce an incidence correction factor, named χi, to represent YpYpi=0, which is defined according to its connotation by χi=1+∆YpYpi=0 (5) Comparisons and analyses In order to compare the two models, numerical simulations for the Benner et al. model were performed with MATLAB.
It has been proved in the literature [9, 13] that predictions from the Benner et al. [9] model agreed better with the experimental and CFD results than those from Ainley and Mathieson model, owing to the improvements made by Moustapha et al. [8] and Benner et al. [9] to the off-design correlations for profile loss.
Conclusions and remarks On the basis of inspecting the prediction correlations for profile loss derived by Ainley and Mathieson and Benner et al. [9], we compared the two prediction models through numerical simulations.

Numerical simulation, together with the observation and analytical studies, are the most important tools to explore the flow of solid suspensions.
The numerical simulation of particulate suspensions flow involves fluid and solid particles.
Numerical simulations based on both Eulerian-Eulerian and Eulerian-Lagrangian schemes are presented which are solved using the code Fluent [11].
Structured grids used in the simulations for different rebound angles, 45º (top), 90º (middle) and 135º (bottom).
Miguel, Simulation and characterization of high porosity media for aerosol particle processing, Journal of Porous Media 12 (2009) 1129-1138