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The two studies [10,11] were completed by Mokaddem et al. [25] by performing 3D numerical simulations to properly analyze the effect of thermal buoyancy and Dean's number on Dean vortices, fluid flow and heat transfer at a 180 ° curved pipe with a square cross section.
Validation test The Simulation was realized by using the commercial CFD package called ANSYS-CFX.
Fig. 2: Typical grid used for simulation.
Simulation of power-law fluids and mixed convection heat transfer inside of curved duct.
[25] Mourad Mokeddem, Houssem Laidoudi, Mohamed Bouzit, 3D Simulation of Dean Vortices at 30°Position of 180°Curved Duct of Square Cross-Section under Opposing Buoyancy, Defect and Diffusion Forum, 389 (2018) 153-163

Abstract In our study we examined the behaviour of thin liquid layers at curved solid edges experimentally and numerically by coating investigations based on the laser-induced fluorescence technique (LIF) and by numerical film simulations based on the Volume-of-Fluid multiphase flow model (VOF), respectively.
The corresponding numerical flow simulation was based on the Volume-of-Fluid multiphase flow model using the commercially available CFD-program STAR-CCM+® from cd-adapcoTM.
This quite similar geometrical setup to the experimental investigation resulted in an optimal simulation time effort for the whole parameter study.
One reason for that is that the simulation does not take into account influencing effects like Rayleigh-Bénard- or Marangoni-convections mentioned in the introduction.
Eventually, an effect of dewetting within the curved surface area of the substrate was observed when the substrate edge radius of curvature was too small in the experimental coating investigations as well as in the numerical film simulations, respectively.

The two-dimensional unsteady heat transfer models of common roof, insulation roof and phase change roof were established, and the thermal characteristics of common roof, insulation roof and phase change roof with different phase transition temperature were analyzed based on CFD software, the hourly average temperature distribution of their top and bottom surface from initial stage to steady stage and 24-hour hourly average temperature distribution of and average heat flux of bottom surface in steady stage were also attained.
Ding Li Feng[10] and others processed unsteady state heat transfer simulation on the roof which were added with phase change material or insulating material on outer and inner surface in hot summer and cold winter zone, and found whatever under the constant temperature or the cool storage mode, the effect of insulation material on reducing air conditioning energy consumption was better than the phase change material.
As the phase change heat transfer process was strongly nonlinear, the solution of the superposition principle could not be used, so we used FLUENT software to achieve the numerical simulation of heat transfer process of various roofs.
Simulation and Designing of PCM Wallboard Rooms Combined with Night Ventilation.

Bussetta, "Numerical simulation and visualization of material flow in friction stir welding via particle tracing," in Numerical Simulations of Coupled Problems in Engineering, ed: Springer, 2014, pp. 157-169
Hattel, "A local model for the thermomechanical conditions in friction stir welding," Modelling and simulation in materials science and engineering, vol. 13, p. 77, 2004
Zhang, "Comparison of two contact models in the simulation of friction stir welding process," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 43, pp. 5867-5877, 2008
Shercliff, "CFD modelling of friction stir welding of thick plate 7449 aluminium alloy," Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, vol. 11, pp. 429-441, 2006
Wert, "An analytical model for the heat generation in friction stir welding," Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 12, p. 143, 2003

The simulations based on LGA and LBM have demonstrated that Darcy's law can be reproduced by these methods.
SPH is a meshless particle-based Lagrangian fluid dynamics simulation technique, in which the simulation domain is represented by a collection of discrete elements or pseudo-particles.
Initially, the SPH particles were uniformly distributed in the simulation domain (Fx=Fy=FS).
Computational results from other numerical techniques [18, 19] are also consistent, in trend, with the present SPH simulations.
Third, the SPH simulations indicate the percolation threshold of the investigated porous media is smaller than 0.4.

Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, 96201-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil aedidier@lnec.pt, bpauloteixeira@furg.br Keywords: Oscillating water column, Rubble mound breakwater, Vertical breakwater, Numerical simulation, RANS.
The time step of simulations is around T/600 and 6 nonlinear iterations are carried out for each time step to reduce residues at least lower than 2 to 3 orders, that is enough to guarantee wave propagations with accuracy [20, 21, 22].
Teixeira, Numerical simulation of an oscillation water column wave energy converter with and without damping, in: Fourth International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, 2011, pp. 206-217
Ramalhais, Numerical simulation of an oscillating water column device using a code based on Navier Stokes equations, Energy 61 (1) (2013) 513-530
Fredsoe, A wave generation toolbox for the open-source CFD library: OpenFOAM(R), International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 70 (2012) 1073-1088

The method of corrosion rate measurements was conducted using electrochemical polarization equipped with CMS100-Gamry Instruments and DC105 software as well as Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE) simulation.
[11] Matthew Bilson and Klaus Bremhorst in: Comparison of Turbulent Scalar Transport in Pipe and a Rotating Cylinder, Third International Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, (2003)

The result is shown in table 1, the simulations are terminated after 0.5 seconds.
Cfd analysis of the effect of the exhaust manifold design on the close­coupled catalytic converter performance.
Numerical simulation of transpiration cooling through porous material.
Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(12):3919-3930, 2010
In Computer Simulation Validation, pages 295-318.

Having the two models coupled, we can perform simulations and predictions of many physical phenomena.
Two way Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) techniques were used for simulation of the interaction between the structure and the fluid at the common boundary.
Krejsa, Software application of the DOProC method, International Journal of Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. 8(1) (2014) 121-126
Blejchar, M Bojko, M Kozubkova, CFD simulations of the effect of wind on the spontaneous heating of coal stockpiles, Fuel. 118 (2014) 107-112
Grajciar, Simulation of the aquaplane problem, Computers and Structures. 64(5-6) (1997) 1155-1164

The authors have tried to make it clear that depositing surface condition might be a universal parameter of SiC CVD, and the numerical simulation could predict the growth rate, surface morphology and doping concentration by taking account of the depositing surface condition.
The horizontal hot-wall CVD reactor (Epigress VP508) has been simplified in the 2D model, and CFD-ACE+ commercially available software was used [36].