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Introduction The self-sensing actuator (SSA) uses the reversible effects of some functional materials, which make the SSA not only be an actuator, but also a sensor.
Vipperman: AIAA Journal, Vol.39 (2001), pp.1822
Wu: Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol.26 (2000), pp.87
Yang: Journal of Dalian University of Technology, Vol.41 (2001), pp.77
Wang, in: Modern Piezoelectricity (Book 2, chapter 12, Science Publishers 2002).

Niu 1, b 1 State Key Laboratory for Corrosion & Protection, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wencui Rd 62, 110016 Shenyang (China) a zhgzhang@imr.ac.cn, b yniu@imr.ac.cn Keywords: FeCrAl, Ternary alloys, Oxidation, Cr effect Abstract The effect of the addition of 5 and 10 at.% Cr on the oxidation of a binary Fe-10 at.% Al alloy (Fe-10Al) was studied in 1 atm O2 at 1000°C.
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54 (2000), p. 385 [13] T.Massalski: Binary Alloys Phase Diagrams (ASM, Metals Park, USA 1990) [14] Z.G.Zhang et al.: to be published [15] C.Wagner: Journal of the Electrochemical Society Vol. 99 (1952), p. 369 [16] F.Gesmundo and Y.Niu: Oxidation of Metals Vol. 50 (1998) p. 1 [17] C.Wagner: Corrosion Science Vol. 5 (1965), p. 751 [18] P.Kofstad: High Temperature Corrosion (Elsevier Applied Science, New York 1988)

Kalichava // International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering – 2012. – Volume 8. – Issue 3. – p.19-27
Nagibovich [et al.] // International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering – 2012. – Volume 8. – Issue 3. – p.28-42
Aul [et al.] // International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering – 2012. – Volume 8. – Issue 3. – p.43-52
Arsenin. – Moscow: Science, 1979. – 284 p
D thesis in physico-mathematical science : 05.13.17 / Volkov Vladimir Viktorovich; Borisoglebsk, 2011. – 135 p

Fig.1 The structure of the anchorage segment of Fig.2 The structure of the pressure anchorage cable with the pressure dispersed uniform-type anchorage cable However, due to the inconsistent length of principal rod of tension cable segment, tension of the cable in the active state sometimes may increase (slope of rock displacement or cavern convergence), sometimes is smaller than the designed one (deformation of rock and soil or anchor material creep lead to prestress losses).
Fig.7 The pressure distribution of the supporting body with longitudinal ribs Fig 8 The pressure distribution of the supporting body with transverse ribs Acknowledgement The work was financially supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation under Grant(No 40872191).
Reference: 1] Cheng Liangkui, Present Status and Development of Ground Anchorages [J], Civil Engineering Journal, 2001, 34：7—10 [2] Zhang Lewen and Wang Ren, Research on Status Quo of Anchorage Theory of Rock and soil[J],Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2002, 23：627—631
[4] You Chunan and Zhan Yubao, Distributing Characters and Analysis of Stresses in Presresed Cables[J],Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(6)：925—928 [5] Li Rencheng, Wang Jun and Hu Degui, The Character Be Subjected to Force of Pressure Type Anchored Calles and its Determination of Anchorage Length[J] , Subgrabe Engineering, 2006, 128：42—43
[6] Wang Shuren, He Manchao and Jin Yongjun, Anchoring Mechanism of Prestressed Anchor Cables under Concentrated Tension and Dispersive Pressure[J], Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 2005, 27 (3)：78—283

Experimental Experimental main raw materials and reagents include rutile TiO2, industrial grade NH4H2PO4, Zr(SO4)2, NaAlO2, Al2(SO4)3.
Smart: Journal of Colloid and interface Science, Vol. 262 (2003), p.81-88
Jin et.al: Chemical Journal of Chinses Universities, Vol.19 (1998), p.1227-1729, in Chinese
Li, Z.T, Wang et.al: Journal of East China University of Science and Thchnology, Vol.27 (2001), P.631-634, in Chinese
T, Anderson B: Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol.33 (2000), P.557-571.

Because styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) can react easily with other compounds, which have unique properties, many functional materials with the SMA copolymer have emerged.
Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Shaanxi University of Science and Technology for providing the laboratory facilities during the work, and all the students of our research group are also quite appreciated for the help in revising this article.
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 65 (2009) 139–146
European Polymer Journal 43 (2007) 3671–3678
Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology 37 (3) (2009) 302.

Materials and Methods Study Area In this study, the effect of precipitation variability is investigated of 10 meteorological stations for the Munda Catchment in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, Pakistan (Fig. 1).
References [1] IPCC, The Physical Science Basis.
Science, 298 (2002) 137–143
Hanif, Seasonal precipitation variation over Punjab province, Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 10 (2013): 61-82 [12] H.
Latif, Assessment of recent temperature trends in Mangla watershed, Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences Volume, 47 (2014) 107-121 [17] H.B.

Acknowledgements Financial support for this work was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50845064).
Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronatics & Astronautics.2010,42(1):100~102.
Grinding Tecnology of Difficult-to-machine Materials (National Defence Industry Press, China 1999).
China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, 2007(3):16~21.
Journal of Hunan University of Arts and Science, 2008(20):57~58.

With consideration that the properties of raw materials after reinforcing and repairing can basically meet the requirements of original design, correction is made incorporating with rebounding test of the main structural members prior reinforcing.
However, the material after reinforcing is determined according to current design value.
See Table 3 for properties of materials selected[6].
Master’s degree thesis of Huazhong University of science and technology.2007 [3] The consultation and supervision centre of highway engineering of Hubei province.
Engineering Journal of Wuhan University. 2005, 38 (5):88-93 [7] Wang zhenling.

However, the serviceability and reliability of these materials depend greatly on the effect of residual stresses, the high level and the local gradient of which can lead to the initiation of cracks, reduction in corrosion resistance, etc.
a) b) Figure 1: Typical symmetrical (a) and non-symmetrical (b) fringe patterns in the vicinity of a drilled blind hole in a stressed material.
In: Advanced materials science of the 21st century.
The Paton Welding Journal, August, 2005, pp.35-40
The Paton Welding Journal. 1/2006, pp.24-29.