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Experimental Two polycrystalline f.c.c. metals were used in the present study: 316L austenitic stainless steel (Uddeholm, Sweden) with an average grain size of 39 µm and copper of 99.99% purity with an average grain size of 50 µm.
Surface relief in 316L steel fatigued at 173 K (a–c) and 93 K (d–f) to different number of cycles (AFM).
Surface relief in identical area of a grain in 316L steel fatigued at 573 K to different number of cycles (AFM).
PSMs in 316L steel cycled at 573 K for 100 cycles were found only in a few grains.
In the case of surface relief study at 573 K during intermittent cycling 10 grains and more than 100 PSMs were evaluated only at 250 cycles; at N = 100 the number of grains containing PSMs was limited to five.

Sample number 1 as a raw material and sample number 2 as a sensitive material were investigated.
Besides, sample number 3 up to number 7 were solution heat treatment, then, sample number 8 up to number 12 were stabilizing heat treatment in the best time and temperature of solution process.
As it is shown in Fig.1a, after sensitization heat treatment, grain boundaries are surrounded by cavity boundaries; moreover, darkness of grain boundaries shows that carbide precipitation may occur.
These carbide depositions create poor chromium areas around the grain boundaries.
Ferrite magnetic test shows that the amount of delta ferrite decrease from 2.9 volume percent (Ferrite number: 2.9) to 0.9 volume percent (Ferrite number: 1).

TG-DTA, XRD and TEM analyses showed that the reaction temperature was 800℃, the calcining time was three hours, and the product was pure ANNT in well-dispersed grain structure (35nm in average).
Under wet chemical method condition, the substrate could be mixed homogeneously，and the product was of small and uniform grain[3-5].
Experimental Procedure Ta2O5 (analytical grade)and Nb2O5(analytical grade) were mixed homogeneously in tetrafluoroethylene cup according to the stoichiometry of ANNT and dissolved completely by addition of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid (about 1:2, number volume ) in water bath.
And the grain morphology and size distribution were observed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) (Model: JEDL 100CXⅡ).
Fig.2 XRD patters of ANNT calcined for different time The TEM micrographs indicate that the product synthesized by the citric acid chelation method was composed of well-dispersed grain (35nm, averagely), having a relatively narrow grains size distribution (Fig.3).

Then we get two number of record updated from ABE-BCC program and ACCS scheme.
Fig. 4 The relationship between user number and the number that records updated Fig. 5 The relationship between the numbers of records updated and time consuming Time-consuming of record updated Fig. 5 shows two curve of time-consuming when ABE-BCC scheme of access control system update permission, which need handle 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 records.
We can see from figure 8 that MapReduce cluster performance advantages are more obvious along with the increase in the number of records when the same number of records is updated.
Conclusion The encryption algorithm of CP-ABE has obvious advantages in fine grained access control and user access control policies.
Attribute-based encryption for fine-grained access control of encrypted data[C]//Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security.

Table 2.Compressive strength of samples achieved ISO5833 standard and the control groups Number Process number Compression load /N The amount of compression/ mm compressive strength /MPa Samples 1 D3 2720.46 3.53500 96.26539 2 D1 2585.54 1.91810 91.49115 3 C2 2391.00 2.84230 84.60722 4 D5 2383.08 2.07500 84.32696 5 C6 2324.36 2.13820 82.24912 6 D2 2324.34 1.98510 82.24841 7 C1 2319.62 3.17170 82.08139 Control groups 8 Y1 2266.46 2.44600 80.20030 9 Y2 2302.68 5.09300 81.48195 The loading curving line of bone cement climbs up quickly and then submission effect appears at the inflection point.
According to the mechanical properties, the finer the grain size is, the strength and hardness of it is higher, so with the better ductility and toughness.
The finer the grain is, the more plastic deformation can be spread in more grains, leading to more homogeneous plastic deformation and smaller stress concentration; furthermore, the finer the grain is, there comes out more grain interfaces and more devious grain boundary.
Table 4 the crystallization degree and grain size of bone cement samples X-diffraction data Crystallization ratio Grain size /mm Samples D3 29.61% 51.35530 D5 26.78% 51.50196 C6 12.54% 26.56998 Y1 31.00% 51.64724 Y2 24.60% 59.42940 The grain size of D3 and D5 is smaller than that of the control group Y1 and Y2, so the integration degree of grains is higher after samples solidified, leading to the enhanced mechanical properties---compressive strength and the physical properties---hardness, compared with the control group.
XRD results show that the smaller the grain is, the higher the strength and hardness is, so with the better ductility and toughness.

Introduction Grain-oriented Fe3%Si steel is a soft magnetic material that is used for iron cores in electrical transformers.
Finally, during the secondary annealing treatment, some of the Goss grains grow abnormally leading to the sharp Goss texture.
After smaller strains of 70 %, some of the Goss-oriented regions are already surrounded by high-angle grain boundaries.
These two observations, i.e. the correlation of shear band inclination and crystal orientation and the occurrence of a limited number of texture components inside the shear bands, reveal the crystallographic nature of the observed shear bands.
Goss-oriented regions between microbands and the development of high-angle grain boundaries.

Niobium.R.Sato Turtelli et al.[19] the study found that Nb prevented grain growth, so as to refine the grain size.
This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program (863 Program) of China under contract number 2012AA03A506.
Vol. 38(1995), P289 [10] Lin Junpin, Liang Yongfeng, Ye Feng et al．Application number:200710099130.5．In Chinese
MAG-14(1978), P4 [17] Sha Yuhui, Zuo Liang, Zhang Fang et al．Application number :201110020170.2．In Chinese [18] Wei Ding．Master thesis.
Vol. 112(1965), P183 [22] Lin Junpin, Jin Jinan,Wang Yanli et al．Application number: CN1544681A[P]．In Chinese [23] J.

The micro-cracks in Polycrystalline ceramics will propagate either intergranulary, along amorphous grain boundaries, or transgranulary, along cleavage planes of grains [3].
The crystallographic information was given to each grain randomly.
In Fig. 1(b), the dark areas and the bright areas show the Al2O3 grains and ZrO2 grains, respectively.
The stiffness constants of Al2O3 and ZrO2 grains were shown in Table 1.
The 0r takes one-grain size in this study.

For the decrease of the structure strength of the tool surface layer, the worn grains and their surrounding bond material can be chipped off more easily by the acting force on the grains (as show in Fig.1d).
As the surface layer of the tool is swept, the fresh grains on the subsurface emerge (as show in Fig.1e).
The size, shape and numbers of the pores can be adjusted by the added filler.
Taguchi method takes Average value () and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) as evaluating indicator for optimum design and analysis: (1) i is for the tested number, r for the number of tested point (r=9).
Syj is sum of all trial results involving parameter k level j; n is the total number of trial runs (n=9).

It is observed that the doping of Cd in ZnO induces an evident decrease of Zn1-xCdxO grain size.
The decrease in surface roughness upon increasing Cd concentration is the concomitant result of grain size decreasing.
More Cd atoms locating in/near grain boundaries would prevent grain growth.
Therefore, the decrease of grain size as Cd content x increasing was observed.
The grain size of the Zn1-xCdxO film decreases as the Cd content x increases, as observed by AFM measurement. 2.