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Based on its capacitance values, the ionic conductivity of SDC is produced by the ionic migration inside grain and the conductivity of NSDC is produced by the ionic migration between grains or it is named as grain boundaries conductivity.
Based on the capacitance values, as it is listed in Table 2, it can be concluded that the ionic conductivity of SDC at 300 - 500 °C are identified as grain conductivity, as it is explained in Martin et al. (2007)[11] that the capacitance value around ~0.1 pF is related to grain impedance and around 1.4 nF is related to grain boundary impedance.
Meanwhile the impedance data of SDC at 600 °C is fitted well with two R-CPE networks (Figure 3(b)) related to grain boundary conductivity and electronic conductivity.
The ionic conductivity of SDC is identified as grain boundary conductivity due to its high capacitance value, i.e 4.572´10-2 S.cm-1.
Acknowledgement This research is a part of Riset Unggulan Perguruan Tinggi, RUPT UNS 2012 with contract number of 2342/UN27.16/PN/2012.

The film morphology also showed that as the sintering temperature increases, the YSZ grain size also increases.
XRD stack patterns of YSZ films on LSM/YSZ substrate at (a) 1200 °C, (b) 1300 °C, and (c) 1350 °C sintering temperature d=line length ave. number of grain boundary intersections 1 Surface SEM images of the YSZ deposits and its corresponding cross-sectional images at different sintering temperatures are shown in Fig. 4.
It can easily be observed that the surface morphology of the 1200 ℃, Fig. 4a, is porous as compared to higher sintering temperatures of which the grains and grain boundaries can already be observed.
Using the line intercept method given in equation 1, the average grain size diameter (d) can be approximated.
The film morphology and grain size are dependent on the sintering temperature of which the film becomes denser with bigger grains as the sintering temperature was increased from 1200, 1300, and 1350 ℃.

Table2 The Influence of Loading by the Replacement Ratio Specimen Number Cracking Moment/kN.m Yield Moment/kN.m Ultimate Moment/kN.m BB-1 5.47 30.98 cl BB-2 8.53 21.45 28.60 BB-3 5.64 28.26 31.32 BB-4 3.77 29.45 33.19 Firstly, as for the corresponding cracking load, the reference beam made of NC, whose cracking strength is slightly lower than 30%.
Table5 The influence of flexural performance by baked brick aggregate content Specimen Number Cracking Moment/kN.m Yield Moment/kN.m Ultimate Moment/kN.m BB-1 5.47 30.98 36.08 BB-3 5.64 28.26 31.32 BB-7 8.70 31.15 35.74 BB-8 6.15 25.20 29.96 When the brick content is at 5%, its corresponding crack load, yield load and ultimate load are all higher than the ordinary RAC beam with no brick grain, at the same time, it is also higher than those of adding too much brick grain to corresponding beam.
That is to say, adding brick grain to the beam appropriately, the method not only can not reduce the beam bending bearing capacity, but also can strengthen it.
So, the optimization problem in proportion of brick grain can be made further research. 2.2.5 The Influence of P-f by HF and SF The corresponding cracking load, yied load and ultimate load which are shown in table 6.
(3) Brick grain content, after adding brick grain, when its quality is within 5%, the water-cement ratio in RAC is decreased because of the stronger water absorption of brick grain.

The results show that proper content of rare earth Y addition can obviously refine the grains and form high melting point Mg24Y5 phases in the matrix, and improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys.
The addition of Y into magnesium alloys can refine the grains and improve the microstructure, and enhance the strength of magnesium alloys by solution and precipitation strengthening mechanisms.
It can be seen that Mg-8Y alloy consists of α-Mg solid solution, dispersed eutectic structure (α+Mg24Y5) and precipitated granular phase inside the grains [7-9], and the microstructures are homogeneous in Fig. 1b.
A large number of Y atoms increase the nucleation ratio of α-Mg matrix, and the grains are hard to grow up.
If fine and homogeneous Mg24Y5 phases distribute dispersively at grain boundaries, they can prevent the neighboring grains from moving and hinder effectively the slippage of grain boundaries and the movement of dislocations, and therefore increase the mechanical properties of Mg-Y alloys.

Then, make comparing experiment using different algorithms for different number of training samples of wine.
Wu Lili presented a method of recognizing early grains mildewing based on probabilistic neural network(PNN).This method can effectively recognized grain types.
Comparison between different pattern recognition methods In order to compare whether the different sample number have a different impact on the recognition, as well as the difference of identification rate between different pattern recognition algorithms, comparative experiments were conducted with the same number of training samples and the same number of test samples.
In the case of large number samples, BP neural network performed good recognition results also.
Huang PG.On Identifying Early Grains Mildewing based on Probabilistic Neural Network[J].Computer Application and Software. 2011,29(9):235-237.

It can be seen from Fig. 5a that there are many large abnormal pores on grain boundaries, and sizes of grains are not uniform, which indicates that the sample sintered for 10 hours is not very dense.
For the sample sintered for 20 hours (Fig. 5b), because the sizes of grains increase with increasing holding-time, pores on the boundaries are partly excluded or moved into grains and at the same time decreased in sizes, resulting in densification of the sample.
When the holding-time is prolonged to 40 hours (Fig. 5c), pores on the boundaries are excluded or move into the grains further, and the remnant pores exist mostly in inner grains and become very small (right of Fig.5c), which again mean that the sample has a good densification.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by NSFC of P.R.China under grant number 50272040, Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation under grant number 91046, and Youth Foundation of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province under grant number 03ZQ026-03.

The ZnO nanopowders synthesized by the chemical process have large numbers of reports.
Because the grain is extremely small, the boundaries among the grains can be clearly seen (shown in the enlarged area of fig.2(a)).
The average grain size with the six-prism shape is large and the largest grain size reaches 100 nm.
However, it is resulted that large number acid radical ions (NO3-and Cl-) are present in the solution.
The tested wave number is in the range of 4000~400 cm-1 and the resolution is 5 cm-1 with the high-purity KBr tablet.

A number of experimental and theoretical studies have been dedicated to addressing the dynamics propertiesof diffusion processes.
The number of replicas is 500.
The jump frequency f equals to n/t, where n is the number of hoping events counted in MD simulations.
Wirth, Helium impurity transport on grain boundaries: Enhanced or inhibited?
Gleiter, Effects of grain growth on grain-boundary diffusion creep by molecular-dynamics simulation, Acta Mater. 52 (2004) 1971-1987

In order to reduce the number of experiments, a Central Composite Design (CCD) with three-factors at three levels each (coted -1, 0 and +1) was used.
The increase of the incorporated particle volume fraction with increasing particle concentration in the bath can be explained by the higher number of particles reaching the cathode.
The increase in microhardness of pure copper coatings with increasing current density was attributed to copper grain refinement, due to a higher copper crystal nucleation rate.
This proves that a reduction of the copper matrix grain size also occurred for the composites with increasing current density.
The matrix grain refining due to the nucleation of small grains on the surface of the incorporated Nb particles, resulting in a general structural refinement, is probably responsible for the higher microhardness of composites.

Furthermore, grain refinement and random precipitation in the ferrite matrix contributed ~100 MPa toward yield strength.
Compared with ACC process, the ferrite grain was visibly refined and more uniform in the UFC process.
Grain refinement and precipitation strengthening of TiC in the ferrite matrix contributed ~100 MPa toward yield strength.
Fig. 6 Schematic illustration of the cooling path for precipitation behavior When the austenite in high temperature is cooled directly by UFC after hot rolling, there is less time for the recrystallization and grain growth, and a large number of dislocations are retained in the ferrite grain during UFC processing after deformation, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 shows the precipitation images in the dislocations area of the Ti-microalloyed steel, and it can be seen that a number of TiC precipitates formed around the dislocation lines.