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These microfluidic active devices, fabricated by soft lithography techniques using PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane)-based materials, consist of micromixers, microvalves, micropumps, etc.
The pneumatic actuators are preferably applied in elastic materials, such as PDMS-based systems.
The PDMS elastomeric membrane is modelled as a near-incompressible Neo-Hookean material, a constitutive model which describes the behaviour of rubber-like materials undergoing large deformations [7].
The thin elastic membrane is the active part of the micro actuator, its magnitude of the membrane displacement plays a key role in determining the driving performance.
Yang: submitted to Journal of Microelectronic engineering (2012) [3] P.

For austenite grain growth, numerous study have been carried out during equalization in microalloyed steel , but austenite grain size in these studies are often smaller than 250μm, a typical feature for CCR reheated materials[7].
Materials and experimental procedure The chemical composition of the steel used in this study was Fe-0.04C-0.16Si1.57Mn-0.012P- 0.002S-0.06Nb-0.014Ti-0.03V-0.24Mo-0.22Cu-0.19Ni(wt%).
（1） Whereγis the surface energy of grain boundary per unit area;Ωis molar volume of materials; D is the boundary diffusion coefficient; λis the grain boundary width; Si are surface area of grain "i " contacting to grain "j " ; Vi are volume of grain "i " contacting to grain "j " ; Sj and Vj has the same meaning.
ISIJ Int., Vol.43(2003), p. 2015 [10] Q.Y.Sha et al, submitted to Materials Science Engineering A(2009) [11] William C.Leslie.
The Physical Metallurgy of Microalloyed Steels, The Institute of Materials, UK,1997 [17] M.

Various alumina scale forming materials were studied, differing by their method of preparation or by the presence of impurities and/or active elements.
These precipitates could act as mechanical keying sites.
Lesage, Materials Science & Engineering, A247, (1998) 248
Hobbs, Materials at High Temperatures, 13, n°1 (1995) 3
Czirska, Materials and Corrosion, 51 (2000) 350.

Materials and Experimental The experimental alloys were produced in an industrial scale vacuum induction furnace.
[11] China Aeronautical Materials Handbook (second edition), standards press of China, Beijing, 2002
Evans, (Eds), creep and fracture of engineering materials and Structures, Proc.
Soc., 1985, 293, [28] L.Wang, G Xie, J Zhang, LH Lou, Materials science forum, 546-549 (2007)1235-1240 [29] L.R.
Mughrabi, in: H.E Exner, et al., (Eds), Advanced Materials and Processes, Oberuresl, Germany, 1990, 445

Danilenko3,e 1Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, V Holešovičkách 2, CZ-180 00, Praha 8, Czech Republic 2Institut für Strahlenphysik, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Postfach 510119, D-01314 Dresden, Germany 3Donetsk Institute for Physics and Engineering named after O.
Due to these properties, ZrO2 has become the base constituent of materials designed for a wide range of industrial applications, for example, as functional ceramics, refractory materials, solid oxide fuel cells, dental implants and abrasives.
Sintering is widely used for the manufacturing of ceramic materials from fine particle powders.
The key parameters controlling the sintering process are the sintering temperature, TS, the mean particle size of initial powder, and also the diffusivity of the constituents.
Nosolev, XPS and ESR spectroscopy of ZrO2-Y2O3-Cr2O3 nanopowders, Functional Materials 17 (2010), 306-310

Journal of Hazardous Materials 163 (2009) 475–510 [2] B.A.
Advanced Materials Research, 2009, 71: 373-376
Journal of hazardous materials, 2011, 192(3): 1589-1596
Mining and Engineering 2008(08) [19] Gavrilescu M, Pavel L V, Cretescu I.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 163(2): 475-510

Renovation Plan of the Surrounding Environment of the Confucius Temple in Chengde City Yanfen Zhong1, a, Huan Qi2,b and Kai Guo3,c 1Civil engineering and architecture institute, Qianhu campus, Nanchang Hangkong University, No.696, Fenghenan Road, Nanchang city, Jiangxi province, China 2Design and research institute, yingbin Road, Chengde city, Hebei province, China 3 Design and research institute, yingbin Road, Chengde city, Hebei province, China astonebridge-6@126.com, b lemonqi@sina.com, cdb2691509@tom.com Keywords: Confucius Temple Surrounding environment Heritage protection Renovation.
As the key units of cultural relics protection of Chengde, it was called China three major Confucius Temple, with Qufu Confucius Temple in Shangdong Province and Beijing Confuius Temple.
Material and color.
It is based on preserving the road historical space and size to renovate the paved way and to use the traditional material.
Slabstone were used as pavment material for renovating road.

Experimental Materials.
Polyethylene wax was provided by Qingdao Sainuo New Materials co., LTD, China.
Construction & Building Materials. 26 (1) (2012) 481-489
Highway Engineering. 41 (6) (2016) 6-10
Construction & Building Materials. 43 (3) (2013) 300-308

Experimental Research on Dynamic Characteristics of Synthetic Jet Induced by SJA with HCPCS Membrane Zhou Yong1,a, Wang Bangfeng2, Wang Wei1, Cheng Yong1, Wang Feng1 1Jiangsu Technology and Engineering Center for Meteorological Sensor Network, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China 2College of Civil Aviation, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China azhouyong@nuist.edu.cn Key words: Synthetic jet actuator, HHT, cymbal, piezoelectric,composite structure Abstract.
The cavity of actuator is composed of solid walls and a metal vibration diaphragm, on which a piezoelectric material is mounted.
Schematic of PSJA y x One of the key problems of PSJA is the low output jet velocity due to weak deformation capability of the oscillation diaphragm, thus the controlling capability of PSJA on the main flow is limited.

Analysis and Application of the Landscape Expression on the Contrary Space Sequence in Historical Town Ping Yao 1, a, Li Yuan 1, b 1 School of Civil and Build Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang, China, 621010 ayaoping_919@163.com, byuanli_919@163.com Keywords: the contrary space sequence, contrary space combination, historical town, landscape expression, space design, application Abstract.
Fig.2 The schematic diagram of Contrary Space Sequence and symbols in a historic town Fig.3 The schematic diagram of space of external environment in a town Outer (environment) Space (First Level Space): Here is the town peripheral environment and round to border or inner key position and the entrance space.
Point Exchangeability Space: They exchange line of sight through the opposite scenery in some key position between the inner exchangeability space and outer exchangeability space.
The contrary space sequence principle is different from some traditional small city plotted space that it is not simply research the material space with point and line, but with its own organic composition and rules of space that was order and correlation, and not exists alone.