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The results show that the addition of lanthanum oxide and silicon can refine the alloys grain size.
The details of grain sizes were determined by TEM, as illustrated in Fig. 2(a).
Thus, the main contributions of the alloys yield strength maybe as follows: (1) matrix strength; (2) fine grain strengthening by fine molybdenum grains; (3) particle strengthening by fine lanthanum oxide particles; and (4) solid solution strengthening of silicon.
Table 2 Grain size of molybdenum alloys and relevant strength by fine-grain strengthening Material σy [MPa] [μm] [MPa] σM [MPa] σp [MPa] σs [MPa] Mo 547 13.8 33 514 66 0 Mo-L 620 9.1 40 514 66 0 Mo-LS1 541 4.2 59 514 66 -98 Mo-LS2 682 3.3 67 514 66 35 For Mo-0.3%La2O3 alloy, the constitute of yield strength is matrix strength, fine grain strengthening and particle strengthening.
They treated 5d transition metals such as Hf, Ta, Re, Os, Ir, and Pt, and found alloy softening in Mo for those elements having higher d electron numbers, such as Re, Os and Ir.

Multi core tapes showed a general increase in Ic and Jc with the number of tapes core.
For the multicore tapes, Jc was found to increase with number of core in the tapes (Fig. 1b).
In addition, XRD analyses also did not indicate any preferred grains alignment, which are shown by low intensities of 00l peaks.
(a) Jc and 1212 phase vs annealing temperature of the SC tapes, (b) Ic and Jc vs number of core for MC tapes.
Less porosity is observed in tapes annealed at 870 oC for 90 minutes (SCe) which SEM shows a melted-like slightly fused grains which allows grains to be in closer contact with each other, which in turn caused a slight increased in the sample Jc.

The steels shall have a fine grain structure containing nitrogen binding elements in a sufficient amount.
After simulated processing, samples were water quenched and LOM used to quantify the average grain size.
Double-hit tested recrystallized grain sizes were measured by LOM and compared to the grain sizes given by the model.
Grain size model calibration showing predicted and measured grain sizes versus estimated accumulated strain during Gleeble simulated controlled rolling Good agreement was found for tests with total accumulated strains between 0.3 and 0.4 and mean SRX austenite grain sizes were between 22 and 29 µm.
As a final step, a number of different rolling schedules were simulated using industrial plate rolling data in order to evaluate model performance, and grain sizes predictions compared to measured grain sizes in rolled plate.

The layers were found to be nanocrystalline and have a nanoscale grain structure with parameters depending on the experimental conditions.
It was revealed that plasma activation decreases mean size of copper grains and increases its stability on the air.
Noteworthy that influence of plasma on the CST-process effects to decrease of the average grain size for about 35 nm ceteris paribus (Fig. 2b).
In conclusion, it should be noted that analogous CST processes involving the deposition of thin layers with various functional properties can be developed for a number of refractory, coin, and precious metals (e.g., W, Ti, Ta, Ru, etc.).
It was revealed that plasma activation decreases mean size of copper grains and increases its stability on the air.

Ferrite nucleates at austenite grain boundaries and triple points during the first stage.
Many previous studies have concentrated on methods of fine grain achievement and effects of deformation factors on it [3-6].
What is the difference in the mechanisms of grain nucleartion and growth between phase transformation under deformation and without deformation?
Experimental Method The composition of the low carbon steel SS400 used in this work were Fe-0.171%C-0.09Si-0.36Mn (all numbers are wt%).
The slope of 4 indicates that ferrite nucleates on grain boundaries, and the nucleation is sufficiently rapid to saturate the sites.

Then the number of ∗ is the number of adding to generate the sequence.
In the last, if the last symbol of the sequence is ∗ , then the number of ∗ is the complexity of the sequence or else the number of ∗ adding 1.
The last symbol of the sequence is ∗ , then the complexity is the number of ∗ that 3=c .
There are many way of coarse graining [8] such as binary method, quaternary method and so on.
Each point of the sequence will become two bits after the coarse graining processing.

For first experiments in investigating grain-grain-interactions a dedicated 3D-microstructure-mapper will be designed.
Environments for strain mapping [2] on large structural components up to 1 t will be provided as well as automated investigations of large numbers of samples, e.g. for tomography and texture determination.
First experiments are planned for the investigation of the relation between macroscopic and micro-structural properties of polycrystalline materials, grain-grain-interactions, re-crystallisation processes, and the development of new and smart materials or processes.
Environments for strain mapping will be provided as well as automated investigations of large sample numbers, e.g. for texture determination and tomography.
Two specialized experiments, currently designed in-house at GKSS, will allow the detailed characterization of grains, their interaction and their stress and strain states with sub-micrometer resolution, as well as tomographic imaging.

A number of satellites and pores can be clearly seen on the surface because of the interactions between molten alloy droplets and high speed water during water atomization.
During the hot-extruded process, the average grain size decreased.
The number of grain boundary and the defects density gradually increased with increasing pressure, resulting in the change of ratio curve.
The measured mircohardness and the coincidence Doppler broadening spectra imply that the increasing grain boundaries caused a strengthening effect of the hot-extruded alloy, while the decrease of grain size caused a fine grain strengthening effect.
The improvement of microhardness can be attributed to the effect of grain refining.

Particularly, a number of nuclear components used Alloy 600 as their structure materials due to their high corrosion resistance, high-temperature endurance and excellent fabricant characteristics.
The UNSM technique strikes the specimen surface up to 20,000 times per second with a tungsten carbide (WC) and/or a silicon nitride (Si3N4) ball with a diameter range from 1.0 to 6.0 mm at a frequency of 20 or 40 kHz that modifies the coarse grains into nano-sized grains till the certain depth from the top surface.
It is expected that the newly developed high-temperature (HT)-UNSM technique can be employed to further increase the hardness and to improve the friction and wear behavior of Alloy 600 by refining grains into nano-sized grains.
It has been reported in our previous study that the increase in hardness by UNSM technique is responsible for the grain size refinement [4].
Gan, Effect of grain boundary carbides on the mechanical properties of Inconel 600, Mater.

The colour of two powders is green, the number 2 is light.
Then the number 1 composition with the experiment condition are good at crystal growing into whisker.
From these, we can say the produts are not whiskers but grains, they have less orientation although the hexagonal columnar outline is obvious.
One end of the grain is cone-shaped or irregular, so it has not the tendency to grow up in length.
Then this reaction condition is good at crystal growing into grain, which makes reactions on interface to be the control factor.