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Also, a superposition model was developed and applied to the experimental data which gave very good agreement between the actual and predicted crack growth rates.
In general, the superposition model described the experimental data extremely well.
For ΔK values greater than 10 MPa, the data converged to the cyclic component.
At lower ΔK values the data tended to a constant crack growth rate, independent of ΔK, corresponding to the SCC growth rate divided by the frequency, given in eqn.(1).
Using limited operating data to analyze surface crack growth behaviour formed a good base for predicting the remaining life of ferritic-pearlitic pipeline steels.

Ni was incorporated by refluxing over sulfated zirconia, followed by calcination-reduction process.
Optimized sulfation likely affects the reduction of crystallite size of zirconia.
The average crystallites size of all sample, D [nm] was estimated as supporting data and listed in Table. 1.
Moreover, the diffraction peak of sulfated zirconia slightly shifted to a higher 2θ value when the calcination temperature was more than 600°C, which means the crystallite was enlarger, being in mutual accord to the data in Tabel. 1.
These data are given in Fig. 6.

It is also shown that the heat is transferred at a further downstream distance allowing in a reduction in the number of VGs to be used in of “flow down” case.
The results are validated against (PIV) experimental data previously performed by [5].
In the present study, several turbulence model simulations have been performed for various mesh distributions to ensure the results are grid-independent and the best model has been chosen as“Standard k-ε” turbulence model based on the comparison with the experimental data as shown in Fig. 3.
With this element sizes, there is a good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data as shown in Fig. 3.
Nishino: Heat transfer enhancement accompanying pressure-loss reduction with winglet-type vortex generators for fin-tube heat exchangers.

In all studies the effects of fatigue cycles produced a reduction of the static strength as expected.
Specimen Preparation One critical limit state of civil structures are fatigue and long term behaviour and previous reviews of existing data from mechanical and aerospace applications are often used to determine the applicability to civil constructions.
However these data are sometimes incomplete and more research is needed, especially for the long-term mechanical behaviour of composite materials.
Because frequencies of fatigue load under 4-5 Hz have demonstrated to produce limited effects in GFRP composites [3], only the data for which the frequency of fatigue was greater than 7.5 Hz was used in this experimental study.
From the experimental data it was seen that fatigue load up to 1.0 kN did not produce important degradation.

After getting the header’s length, the address of the pointer to the data parts of the IP packet can be easily acquired through data pointer to IP packet and the length of the header.
Y N Start Figure 2: Procedures of testing Y Y N N Y Y Include http protocol data?
Record value of head field Restore data · The address of the pointer to the data parts of the IP packets got in step 1 is actually the head pointer address of TCP packet ,likewise, fill this address to struct tcphdr.
After that, the data address of TCP packet, which is also the data address of HTTP packet, can be obtained through the data pointer of TCP packet and the length of the TCP packet header.
Reconstruction over Figure 3: Procedures of file reconstruction N Y The reduction of response data In the system, to data in gzip compression format, open source project zlib and gzip (which is available at http://www.zlib.net) are adopted to decompress them into the memory .Thus the initiated parameter should be set correctly.

In view of lightweight design the possible levers for weight reduction are volume (i.e, thickness and/or surface) reduction of parts and density reductions while maintaining strength levels [9] meaning either going for composite materials, density reduced steels, light metals or increasing strength levels.
Another important point is the use of lab - data acquired as a feedback and validation means for processing models.
Properly executed, such a data - analytics based feedback loop results in physics - based metallurgical models with a wide range of validity which can be used for upscaling data acquired in the lab to the large - scale situation in the production facility.
However, it has to be pointed out that, in the case of rolling facilities, closing this final feedback loop necessitates the use of data acquisition systems that accomplish so - called segment based data collect ion such as the Through - process optimization system (TPO) including through -process quality control (TPQC) functionality already installed at the HBIS facilities in the Tangshan - stainless steel and the Tangshan - THSAS complex [22][23].
To outline the position -related data collection functionality of TPO Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show the determination of boundary conditions experienced by a particular piece of rolled strip for the case of an endless strip production (ESP) plant.

However, an abrupt change of no reduction was observed for approximately 66% of oxidised magnetite samples [27].
The data on different Fe2+/ Fe3+ ratio can be fitted to a linear equation, which can be used to determine the deviation of particles from stoichiometric magnetite.
The quantitative content of the maghemite phase in the samples were practically similar with the data of MÖssbauer spectroscopy.
A fit of the collected data can be represented by Eq. 10: I511maghemiteI511magnetite+ I511maghemite=0.00009 ×wmaghemite+0.4958 (10) where I(511)maghemite refers to the deconvoluted (511) of maghemite peak intensity, I(511) magnetite is the deconvoluted (511) of magnetite intensity, wmaghemite is equal to the weight percentage of maghemite of the standard mixture.
Schmidbauer and Keller M., Magnetic hysteresis properties, Mössbauer spectra and structural data of spherical 250 nm particles of solid solutions –, J.

A series of FT-IR spectra confirmed the reduction of the Hemicelluloses and Lignin content after the treatment.
Table 1 showed that the alkaline treatment leads to the reduction in the density of original OP and RH specimens.
After alkaline treatment, the data showed that Silicon (Si) and Potassium (K) have been reduced.
The elements composition of the (RH) fibre before and after treatment was determined and the data are summarized in Table 3.
The data showed that Bismuth (Bi) element was not present.

Upon the last reduction, the material is either air-cooled or quenched and then cooled down to room temperature.
The rate of the cooling to the room temperature was derived from data obtained by means of the CCT - Offline software by SMS company [1].
The experiment was divided into three testing areas with different numbers of reductions, different strain rates and forming temperatures.
Strain conditions (Regime 1) pertinent to the Type_1 dimension type for the range of temperatures of the specimen prior to the second reduction of 940 - 760°C (in 30°C) with free cooling upon final reduction.
Strain conditions (Regime 2) pertinent to the Type_1 dimension type as well, for the range of temperatures of the specimen prior to the second reduction of 940 - 760°C (in 30°C) where cooling down to 750°C follows the final reduction.

Sintering AlN/BN Nanocomposite Reduction AlN boric acid urea carbon AlN boric acid urea AlN boric acid urea carbon AlN h-BN AlN h-BN Fig. 2.
It is thought that oxygen was produced by the oxidation of AlN during reduction of boric acid.
The starting powder before reduction exhibited the peaks of AlN, boric acid and urea, but after reduction the peaks of boric acid and urea disappeared with the appearance of the broad peak arising from t-BN as shown Fig. 4.
In this manner, AlN/BN nanocomposites were successfully fabricated through a chemical process, followed by reduction and hot-pressing.
The data of electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are summarized in Table II.