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The spinel structure is stable and can be used for high-temperature refractory materials [19].
There are some slender particles formed the porous structure in these catalysts.
The photographs show that the catalysts have a loose structure.
Hu: Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology Vol. 39 (2011), p. 664 [11] P.T.
Sueiras: Chemistry of Materials Vol. 12 (2000), p. 331 [19] A.

In the silicates-based concrete, the Si atom coordenates in a tetrahedra geometry on the chemical structure of SiO2.
At high temperature, CO2 in presence of silicate, undergo transformation to form a new structure containing a network of corner-sharing CO4 tetrahedral [14].
Representations of the position of carbon incorporated in heterogeneous silicate structures: (a) Carbon in [Si-O4] networks; (b) Structure of C-[SiO] depolymerized with alkali and alkaline earth metals, stabilizing the structure.
The chemical substitution of O by C led to formation of defects in the structures.
Riedel: Journal of Materials Chemistry Vol. 1 (2013), p. 3815

China 2 Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P.
These films have highly ordered structure and show high anisotropic properties.
In the present paper, monolayer behaviors and structures, as well as properties of a heteroleptic (porphyrinato)(phthalocyaninato) europium double-decker compound were reported.
The Schematic molecular structure of the double-decker complex [HEuTClPPPc(a-OC4)8].
J08LC11), and the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Colloid Interface Chemistry of Ministry of Education of China.

Micro-nanosized porous structures were revealed in the scanning electron micrographs of the converted product.
The combination of the amorphous and crystalline structure is observed.
FTIR spectrums confirms the conversion in structure of dried waste coffee grounds when subjected to carbonization processes.
Coates, “Interpretation of Infrared Spectra, A Practical Approach,” in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, 2006
Ania, “Surface chemistry of green carbons,” in Green Carbon Materials - Advances and Applications, 2014.

High-Strength Multifunctional Conducting Polymer Hydrogels Tingyang Dai, Xutang Qing, Chen Shen, Jing Wang and Yun Lu* Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R.
The multivalent cations, Fe 3+ ions, not only promote the polymerization of EDOT as an oxidant, but also have the ability to electrostatically interact with the negatively-charged PSS chains as an ionic crosslinker to induce the formation of a molecular network structure.
Hydrogels synthesized with different EDOT/PSS ratios present an evolvement in microscale morphology, from a uniform structure (Fig. 1d) to a network structure (Fig. 1e), possibly resulting from the spatially-repulsive effect of the excessive formed PEDOT.[9] PEDOT-PSS hydrogel undergoes a shrinkage with the volume ratio of about 80:1 when dried at 60 ℃ in the atmosphere (Fig. 1 inset).
Both the variable molecular structure and the entangled microstructure promote the enhancement of the mechanical strength, as such structures effectively prevent the congregation of the local stress and promote the dissipation of the local energy.[11] When a TN hydrogel-modified electrode is used to record the cyclic voltammograms of the aqueous redox of potassium ferricyanide, a 17 times increase in the peak currents can be observed compared to that obtained using a bare electrode.
The self-strengthened hydrogels not only possess a homogeneous microstructure, but also display a uniform phase structure (Fig. 4c,d), which are both essential to achieve high mechanical strength.

The cell structure was ITO/PEDOT:PSS/GAg/P3HT:PCBM/Ca/Al.
Graphene, an atomic thin layer with sp2-hybridized carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb structure, has recently attracted tremendous attention due to its novel properties.
The device structure, PEDOT:PSS (Baytron P AI 4083) HTL with a thickness of 40 nm was spin-coated on to the UV/O3-treated ITO/glass substrates followed by annealing at 120 °C for10 min.
[7] D.R.Dreyer, S.Park, C.W.Bielawski, R.S.Ruoff, The chemistry of graphene oxide.
Dai, Fullerene-Grafted Graphene for Efficient Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Photovoltaic Devices, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2 (2011) 1113-1118 [9] C.

The UV-visible spectroscopy showed the absorbance peaks associated with their electronic structures and potential photocatalytic applications.
These core-shell structures, characterized by noble metal cores and semiconductor shells, have been explored extensively for photocatalytic hydrogen production from water [13-14] and pollutant degradation [15-16].
Shifts in these peaks may suggest interactions or changes in electronic structure due to the hybridization of these materials.
This comprehensive characterization informs potential applications and highlights the importance of surface chemistry in photocatalytic behavior, addressing agglomeration challenges for optimized performance.
Dozzi, et al., Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2009, 11(33), 7171-80

Both samples display the fibrous-like structures with the diameter around 10 nm and their length was found to be several hundred nanometers.
The existence of hollow inside the fibrous-like structures indicated for nanotubes formation.
The morphology, phase structure and surface area of synthesised Cu doped TiO2 nanotubes were investigated for comparison study with undoped TiO2 nanotubes.
Yoshikawa: Chemistry Letters.
Hoffman: Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 98 (1994), p. 13669

At the temperature of 700°C to 1100°C bands have peaks at ~290 ~1150 and 1180 cm-1 from the Ca-O structure.
The C5A3 stage, known as a mobile phase has been shown to have a related in gehlenite, Ca2A12SiO7 structure.
The increase in the number and relative intensity of the Raman modes in comparison with CA may reflect the presence of 10 units in C12A7 structure [12].
Miyakawa: Journal of Solid State Chemistry Vol. 183 (2010), p. 385
Hayashi: Journal of Solid State Chemistry Vol. 184 (2011), p. 1428

A disadvantage of this technology is inhomogeneous structure and inner stress caused by temperature gradient owing to the heating of slurry.
When premixed solution/initiator/catalyst ratio is 100/1/0.5 (by volume), the gelcasting ZrO2 body with homogeneous structure and bending strength of 50.09MPa is prepared.
At the meantime, the velocity of gelling reaction should be appropriate so that the homogeneous structure of gelcasting materials was acquired.
Ultrafine particles were jointed altogether by three-dimensional structure formed by polymerization.
Inorganic Chemistry(In Chinese).