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CEdt = CEel + CEtool + CErm + CEchip removal (1) (a) Due to electricity consumption required for turning Cel = CEf ,el´Wmachine (2) (b) Due to usage of cutting tool CEtool = (tc/Ttool)´CEf ,tool´Mtool (3) (c) Due to engine CErm = CEf ,m×Mchip removal (4) (d) Due to chips recycling CEchip removal = CEf ,chip removal´Mchip removal (5) There is no standard quantitative method for determining the carbon density of various materials.
Cui et al.
Chauhan, Tuning of MoS2 Particle in Al-Based Composite for Self-Lubrication, Solid-state Processing of Light Alloys (2023) 75:2949–2961
Elaya Perumal, Influence of B4C on the tribological and mechanical properties of Al 7075–B4C composites, Comp: Part B (2013) 54: 146-152

A number of bentonite-modified electrodes and electrochemical sensors have been reported, these included the use of a carbon paste modified electrode [14-16], modified electrodes based on mixed bentonite vanadium (V) oxide xerogel [17], Al-pillared acid-activated montmorillonite modified electrodes [18], spectroelectrochemical studies of phenothiazine dyes at clay coated electrodes [19], chitosan-clay electrochemical sensors [20].
Various methods have been used to determine sulfide ion, such as spectrophotometric, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), atomic absorption spectrometry, flow injection analysis (FIA), ion chromatography, and electrochemical methods and so on, articles of these techniques are cited by Huang et al. [24].
[12] E.L.
Ladavos, “Al-pillared acid-activated montmorillonite modified electrodes”, J.

Hansen et al. [7] and Kim et al. [8] confirmed that the UV/ chlorine process can be a treatment option for DBPs removal.
Vol. 225 (2013), P. 394-405 [3] Shon H, Phuntsho S, Chaudhary D, et al: Drink.
Vol. 56 (2007),p. 469-477 [12] Jin J, El-Din M G, Bolton J R: Water Research, Vol.45 (2011),p. 1890-1896 [13] Kasiri M, Khataee A: Environmental technology, Vol.33 (2012),p. 1417-1425 [14] Zhang J, Fu D, Xu Y: Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol.22 (2010),p. 1281-1289 [15] Yang Y, Li Y, Zhang Y: Separation and Purification Technology, Vol.76 (2010),p. 72-78 [16] Sahoo C, Gupta A: Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 215–216 (2012),p. 302-310 [17] Trinh T K, Kang L S: Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Vol. 89 (2011), p. 1126-1135 [18] Sarathy S R, Mohseni M: Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 41 (2007), p. 8315-8320 [19] Watts M J, Linden K G: Water Research, Vol. 41 (2007), p. 2871-2878 [20] Feng Y, Smith D W, Bolton J R: Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, Vol. 6 (2007), p 277-284

Recently, it has been demonstrated that starting from these structures it is possible to obtain composite films that can be used for optical sensing exploiting the properties of changing the structural color under an external stimulus as demonstrated in the papers published by Ozin et al [Ozin6] and Fudouzi el et al [Fudouzi7].
First of all, it is important to remember that gold-coated three dimensional colloidal crystals can be suitable as SERS substrates since they possess important characteristics as: (a) a larger surface area compared to flat substrate; (b) periodic crevices formed in structures that are efficient for SERS signal enhancement according to the theoretical results reported by Garcìa-Vidal et al.

Zhansitovb*, A.L.
Zhansitov, A.L.
Zhansitov, A.L.
Jamal El-Hibri, Ryan K.

According to Fu et al. [10] and Abu Bakar et al. [11], the restriction of the matrix to move and deform due to the presence of particulate filler which cause a mechanical restraint also lead to increasing modulus.
El-Shekeil, S.M.
Al-Shuja’a, Influence of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of kenaf fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane composite, Applied Nanoscience. 4 (2012), 279-291

For example, Aneu et al. [4] have studied sulfated SiO2 to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil and reported that modification of SiO2 with sulfuric acid had increased catalyst acidity and decreased surface area.
The mesoporous structure formed in the SS2-600 catalyst promoted catalytic activity as it can facilitate the interaction between reactants and active sites of the catalyst, following the research conducted by Aneu et al. [4] on sulfated silica synthesis that reported the formation of a mesopore structure based on the isotherm curve and hysteresis loop that implies the type of Iva and H2(b), respectively.
El-Moselhi, S.M.
Al-wadaani, R.M.

Begum et al., "A Comprehensive Review on The Sources, Essentiality and Toxicological Profile of Nickel," RSC Adv., vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 9139–9153, 2022, doi: 10.1039/D2RA00378C
Al-shehri, A.
El-Nemr, and K.
Oliveira et al., "Amine-Modified Silica Surface Applied As Adsorbent in The Phenol Adsorption Assisted by Ultrasound," Chem.

In this stage, we input the EL-Centro waves (N-S direction) which have different acceleration peak values, and the peak values based on 50gal, 100gal, 200gal, 400gal, 800gal are input progressively.
References [1] Shufang Xu et al.
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology(Natural Science Edition), Vol. 38(1) (2006), p.63, In Chinese [2] Huaiyin Jin et al.
Xi’an:Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology,2005, In Chinese [5] Qiongmei Wang et al.

Furthermore, the hardness of SiC results in low photoresist selectivity and a “hard” mask, usually composed of metal or dielectrics, is required for SiC photolithographic patterning and etch. 0.7 µm deep SiC mesas, trenched using a “silicon” reactive-ion etch (RIE) tool and a Cr/Al mask, are shown in Fig. 2.
Reactive-ion etched 0.7 µm deep vertical SiC mesas using a Cr/Al mask.
The as-implanted depth profiles are retained after the anneal for Al, P, and N as expected from their low diffusion constants.
El-Hinnawy, P.