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Online since: September 2013
Authors: Wei Yin
The data from XPS analysis of the samples and the standard binding energy data are listed in Table 2.
The standard binding energy data are from the Handbook of the Elements and Native Oxides, XPS International, Inc. 1999.
The fluorescent data of the composite material 34%Ag/x%TiO2/Eu-MCM (x = 16, 29, 43, and 53) listed in Table 3 show that these maximum emission peaks at 469 nm are attributed to the characteristic emission of TiO2, the emission peak at 653 nm is assigned to 5D0→7F4 transition of Eu3+ ion, and the peak at 386 nm is the maximum excited peak.
The photocatalytic data in Table 3 show that the photocatalytic properties of the Ag-loaded composite material are very strong.
Table 3 Data of catalysis and fluorescence of samples Fluorescence Sample Emission wavelength λem/INT(nm) Excitation wavelength λex.
The standard binding energy data are from the Handbook of the Elements and Native Oxides, XPS International, Inc. 1999.
The fluorescent data of the composite material 34%Ag/x%TiO2/Eu-MCM (x = 16, 29, 43, and 53) listed in Table 3 show that these maximum emission peaks at 469 nm are attributed to the characteristic emission of TiO2, the emission peak at 653 nm is assigned to 5D0→7F4 transition of Eu3+ ion, and the peak at 386 nm is the maximum excited peak.
The photocatalytic data in Table 3 show that the photocatalytic properties of the Ag-loaded composite material are very strong.
Table 3 Data of catalysis and fluorescence of samples Fluorescence Sample Emission wavelength λem/INT(nm) Excitation wavelength λex.
Online since: March 2010
Authors: Yun Xin Wu, Shu Yuan Zhang
An example of
using the model is presented by applying published data while showing mechanism of stress relief
during stretching.
Analysis indicates that it is stretch-caused convergence of the free lengths of strips in beam that lead to reduction in the residual stresses.
Then, the actual data of the material will be applied to the model to illustrate the key factor which determines the residual stress and mechanism of stress relief.
Data of the residual stresses of 7050-T74 plate is shown in Fig. 6(a), which were obtained by the crack-compliance method [12] conducted by Michael B.
Fig.8 Variation of rolling direction residual stress of the stretched beam The trend of stress reduction in the given layers is shown in Fig.9.
Analysis indicates that it is stretch-caused convergence of the free lengths of strips in beam that lead to reduction in the residual stresses.
Then, the actual data of the material will be applied to the model to illustrate the key factor which determines the residual stress and mechanism of stress relief.
Data of the residual stresses of 7050-T74 plate is shown in Fig. 6(a), which were obtained by the crack-compliance method [12] conducted by Michael B.
Fig.8 Variation of rolling direction residual stress of the stretched beam The trend of stress reduction in the given layers is shown in Fig.9.
Online since: April 2011
Authors: Andrey N. Dmitriev, V.I. Bulanov, I.E. Ignatiev
Thus the free superficial energy of a system aspires to shrink at the expense of mass transfer from the basic particle to balls of the additive for reduction of the area of the system surface.
However, in this case to explain the shrinkage reduction at the increase of the quantity of the additive it is possible only that the number of ‘balls’ of the additive remains invariable and their diameter grows that is hardly right.
Substituting this equation or Eq. (2) into Eq. (7) we find that the shrinkage increase is connected both with a decrease in concentration of additive , and with a reduction of the size of the additive crystals .
And the shrinkage size will change at constant value of relation and simultaneously variable values of any of these parameters that do not follow from Eq. (5) but proves to be true by the calculation on experimental data.
However, in this case to explain the shrinkage reduction at the increase of the quantity of the additive it is possible only that the number of ‘balls’ of the additive remains invariable and their diameter grows that is hardly right.
Substituting this equation or Eq. (2) into Eq. (7) we find that the shrinkage increase is connected both with a decrease in concentration of additive , and with a reduction of the size of the additive crystals .
And the shrinkage size will change at constant value of relation and simultaneously variable values of any of these parameters that do not follow from Eq. (5) but proves to be true by the calculation on experimental data.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Maria Shorikova, Alexander Tavlintsev
On the one hand, the less the error of forecast, the better, but its inordinate reduction may be accompanied by significant complication of used mathematical tools [3].
After that possibility of reduction of its error is evaluated.
After that the deviation between the actual data and the linear trend is calculated in percent.
Comparison table of the error of the “seasonal curves” model and the deviation of the load curve from the linear trend Power system Forecast «Seasonal curves», [%] Mean deviation from trend, [%] Krip.,[%] Кocc., [%] Power system 1, [%] 1,65 0,14 0,916 0,953 Power system 2, [%] 1,99 0,30 0,847 0,927 Power system 3, [%] 2,88 0,90 0,759 0,907 Power system 4, [%] 3,57 1,19 0,781 0,892 Power system 5, [%] 3,37 0,86 0,777 0,893 Power system 6, [%] 3,24 1,20 0,776 0,874 Power system 7, [%] 3,49 1,64 0,759 0,907 Power system 8, [%] 3,96 1,68 0,615 0,803 Power system 9, [%] 4,37 2,12 0,574 0,805 Power system 10, [%] 4,37 3,50 0,547 0,748 From the obtained results it is seen that the value of the non-regular component decreases with reduction of the time interval.
After that possibility of reduction of its error is evaluated.
After that the deviation between the actual data and the linear trend is calculated in percent.
Comparison table of the error of the “seasonal curves” model and the deviation of the load curve from the linear trend Power system Forecast «Seasonal curves», [%] Mean deviation from trend, [%] Krip.,[%] Кocc., [%] Power system 1, [%] 1,65 0,14 0,916 0,953 Power system 2, [%] 1,99 0,30 0,847 0,927 Power system 3, [%] 2,88 0,90 0,759 0,907 Power system 4, [%] 3,57 1,19 0,781 0,892 Power system 5, [%] 3,37 0,86 0,777 0,893 Power system 6, [%] 3,24 1,20 0,776 0,874 Power system 7, [%] 3,49 1,64 0,759 0,907 Power system 8, [%] 3,96 1,68 0,615 0,803 Power system 9, [%] 4,37 2,12 0,574 0,805 Power system 10, [%] 4,37 3,50 0,547 0,748 From the obtained results it is seen that the value of the non-regular component decreases with reduction of the time interval.
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Wei Zeng, Ju Hua Tan
Cost Reduction Motivation Analysis
What the purchaser seeks is always lower and lower cost, and more tight quality control.
On the other hand, if the supplier’s strategy is only to keep his original market and competition position, the opportunity of cost reduction will be limited.
How to find a largest point of profit maximization between the reduction of production cost and the increasing of collaborative cost need a scientific analysis.
One of the barrier is technology of lacking standardization, data and files themselves actually impede the realization of information sharing between enterprises.
References: [1] Huang Yi, Ma Shihua, the classification research of automobile manufacturing suppliers, Logistics Technology , 2006.7 [2] Xi Honge, Optimization Research of Integrated Supplying Chain Cost, East China Economic Management, 2005.4 [3] Liu Bin, Sun Jing, Chen Jinjie, Modern Inventory Management Based on VMI Management Mode, Light Industry Machinery, 2006.9 [4] Huang Shaofu, Zhao Han, Research of Supplier Management Layer Analysis and Random Data Enveloping Analysis, Journal of Anhui Poly-tech University , 2003.12 [5] Chen Hui.
On the other hand, if the supplier’s strategy is only to keep his original market and competition position, the opportunity of cost reduction will be limited.
How to find a largest point of profit maximization between the reduction of production cost and the increasing of collaborative cost need a scientific analysis.
One of the barrier is technology of lacking standardization, data and files themselves actually impede the realization of information sharing between enterprises.
References: [1] Huang Yi, Ma Shihua, the classification research of automobile manufacturing suppliers, Logistics Technology , 2006.7 [2] Xi Honge, Optimization Research of Integrated Supplying Chain Cost, East China Economic Management, 2005.4 [3] Liu Bin, Sun Jing, Chen Jinjie, Modern Inventory Management Based on VMI Management Mode, Light Industry Machinery, 2006.9 [4] Huang Shaofu, Zhao Han, Research of Supplier Management Layer Analysis and Random Data Enveloping Analysis, Journal of Anhui Poly-tech University , 2003.12 [5] Chen Hui.
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Ke Ding
Reduction of intensity or rigidity and losses of quality of the bridge structures can induce the changes of modal parameters of the structure.
In fact, the structural damage is essentially due to the reduction of intensity or stiffness and losses of quality of the bridges.
Therefore, we must comprehensively consider and analyze the multi-order data.
In fact, the structural damage is essentially due to the reduction of intensity or stiffness and losses of quality of the bridges.
Therefore, we must comprehensively consider and analyze the multi-order data.
Online since: November 2022
Authors: Zahoor Ahmad, Sadia Sharif, Clare Hoskins, Muhammad Aziz Choudhary, Arshad Mehmood
Such observations are quite in accordance with reported data [24].
The data shows that the samples are composed of almost pure silver with only a few other elements detected.
The diffraction peaks are indexed to the face centred cubic (fcc) phase of silver, which agrees to other reported data [25, 26].
The data showed that Ag emissions followed the relationship in Equation 3.
The data showed that this mixed polyol method resulted in the formation of ultrathin Ag NWs; and that the extent of DEG directly impacted the Ag NWs diameter.
The data shows that the samples are composed of almost pure silver with only a few other elements detected.
The diffraction peaks are indexed to the face centred cubic (fcc) phase of silver, which agrees to other reported data [25, 26].
The data showed that Ag emissions followed the relationship in Equation 3.
The data showed that this mixed polyol method resulted in the formation of ultrathin Ag NWs; and that the extent of DEG directly impacted the Ag NWs diameter.
Online since: January 2011
Authors: Zhen Ying Liu, Ya Wei Li, Zhao Hui Jin, Xiao Li Wang
Lake sediments are widely used to reconstruct temporal changes in nutrient pollution, the data derived from sediment accumulation and chemical and biological analysis of the sediment has had considerable influence in shaping environmental assessments and regulatory actions, especially in estimating trophic development of the lake.
Note the different scale for percentage data.
The Brachionus resting eggs increased with depths and maintained a high level from 17.5cm to 32.5 cm depth of the sediment, and then a reduction was seen from 32.5 cm.
High abundance of Daphnia may explain the reduction in Bosmina by competitive exclusion from 32.5 cm.
A reduction in the population of fish may promote an increase in the Daphnia population.
Note the different scale for percentage data.
The Brachionus resting eggs increased with depths and maintained a high level from 17.5cm to 32.5 cm depth of the sediment, and then a reduction was seen from 32.5 cm.
High abundance of Daphnia may explain the reduction in Bosmina by competitive exclusion from 32.5 cm.
A reduction in the population of fish may promote an increase in the Daphnia population.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: You Rong Li, Zhi Qiang Xiong, Chun Zeng, Zhi Gang Wang, Zhi Bin Xiong
Based on the vibration theory,the vertical mathematical model of temper mill is expressed as:
(3)
Where, is the equivalent mass matrix of the system of temper mill, the equivalent stiffness matrix of the system, the equivalent damp matrix of the system, column vector of acceleration of system, column vector of speed of system, column vector of displacement of system, F is the lever force, load matrix, which is described as:
[0 0 0 F –F 0 0 0 ]T (4)
The Relationship between Rolling Force, Thickness of Oil Film and Vertical Dynamic Stiffness in Interface
The rolling force can be got with W.L.Roberts formula:
(5)
Where, is the yield stress of workpiece, the tensile stress, the reduction rate, the friction coefficient
Under the usual rolling process, the reduction rate, the width of workpiece, the yield stress, the radius of working roller can be assumed constant in the rolling process.
So the rolling force is described as: (18) Where, is the pressure in lubrication layer of entrance plane in deformation zone, the area of deformation zone, the input velocity of workpiece, the average thickness of oil film in deformation zone, is described as , the reduction, the elongation coefficient of workpiece.
Then: (19) Where, the value of partial derivative is from experiment data.
The field data is input into the simulator which includes vertical vibration model, the horizontal vibration model and the disturbance generator.
Under the usual rolling process, the reduction rate, the width of workpiece, the yield stress, the radius of working roller can be assumed constant in the rolling process.
So the rolling force is described as: (18) Where, is the pressure in lubrication layer of entrance plane in deformation zone, the area of deformation zone, the input velocity of workpiece, the average thickness of oil film in deformation zone, is described as , the reduction, the elongation coefficient of workpiece.
Then: (19) Where, the value of partial derivative is from experiment data.
The field data is input into the simulator which includes vertical vibration model, the horizontal vibration model and the disturbance generator.
Online since: May 2019
Authors: Dmytro Laukhin, Oleksandr Beketov, Nataliia Rott, Anatoliy Schudro
High-strength steel frames are of less weight than ferroconcrete, they are simple in execution, and make it possible to do installation in increased blocks, which reduces a general term of building and contributes to price reduction for 1 m2 of housing area.
While exploiting, it leads to metal layering, and while increasing the temperature, it leads to the reduction of impact toughness, especially under low temperatures.
According to the data of quantitative light microscopy, we made size dependence of austenite grain on the temperature of austenization before the rolling.
It greatly increases under decreasing the temperature of austenization, which is the result of significant increase in specific area of austenite boundaries under size reduction of γ-grain.
These experiments allowed us to refine the theoretical ideas as for the formation of polygonal structure of hot deformation and obtain quantitative data about such important parameters of poligonization as the average diameter of polygons and the angle of disorientation on the middle sub-boundary, which earlier had not been obtained.
While exploiting, it leads to metal layering, and while increasing the temperature, it leads to the reduction of impact toughness, especially under low temperatures.
According to the data of quantitative light microscopy, we made size dependence of austenite grain on the temperature of austenization before the rolling.
It greatly increases under decreasing the temperature of austenization, which is the result of significant increase in specific area of austenite boundaries under size reduction of γ-grain.
These experiments allowed us to refine the theoretical ideas as for the formation of polygonal structure of hot deformation and obtain quantitative data about such important parameters of poligonization as the average diameter of polygons and the angle of disorientation on the middle sub-boundary, which earlier had not been obtained.