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Praseodymium (Pr) with atomic number 59, ionic radius 101.3 pm and electronic configurtion [Xe] 4f3 6s2 has oxidation states of 3 and 4 and it has remarkable catalytic activity [5].
Polycrystalline nature with tetragonal rutile structure of SnO2 is confirmed from the spectrum analysis (JCPDS card No:21-1250).
Moderate doping concentration may increase the number of allowed states near the conduction band due to the defects in nano-grained SnO2 thin films which in turn causes the decrease in bandgap [22].
Therefore, it can be ascertained that apart from non-stoichiometry, residual stresses also play a role for doped the appearance of Raman peaks at comparatively higher wave numbers as in the case of 3 wt.% Pr doped sample.

The films deposited at substrate temperature of 473 K exhibits diffraction peaks at 2θ = 22.8o, 26.6o and 34.9o were related to the (002), (120) and (122) reflections related to the orthorhombic phase of WO3 [JCPDS card no. 89-4480].
As a result, a large number of nuclei formed which coalescence at higher temperatures to form uniform films.
D1/2 = ip / [(2.72 x 105) n3/2 A Co ν1/2] (6) where ip is the anodic peak current density, n the number of electrons transferred in the redox reaction (which is assumed to be unity), Co the concentration of active ions in the solution, ν the scan rate and A the area of the film.
Such an increase in the coloration efficiency with increase in substrate temperature may be attributed to the increased porosity levels, increased oxygen content in the film and presence of more number of Li+ ions during coloration process due to existence of two oxidation states.

In the all four samples, the fcc B1 (NaCl type) phase is the only one detected with diffraction peaks at positions close to those of a pure TiN phase (JCPDS 65-0414).
In order to quantize the degree of preferred orientation, the texture coefficient (TC) is calculated by the following equation (Eq. 1) and the results are listed in Table 2: (1) where Ihkl is the measured intensity of (hkl) plane, Iohkl is the standard intensity of (hkl) plane in PDF card and n is the number of existing crystal faces.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this research by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China with the project number 2012ZX04003011 and Natural Science Foundation of China with project number 51275323.

No other peaks are observed in the entire scanning range suggesting that the nanoplates are single crystal fcc gold bound by {111} lattice planes [22, JCPDS Card No. 04-0784].
The surface energy of different planes of a nanoparticle are different, due to the difference in coordination number of the atoms on the surfaces, and the general sequence is γ{111} < γ{100} < γ{110} [24].
Although, there are number of methods reported for the synthesis of nanoplates, the exact mechanism about its formation is still not clear.
This selectivity arises due to the difference in coordination number of atoms on a crystallographic plane and the ligand or capping agent will interact with the surface or plane which results in the overall lowering of energy in the system.

The electronic thermal conductivity (ke) should be proportional to the electrical conductivity and it is given by Wiedemann Franz law κe = L·T·σ assuming Lorentz number L = 1.5 × 10−8 V2K−2.
Lorentz's number leans on the degree of elasticity in carrier scattering [14,15].
The diffraction peaks coincide with JCPDS cards (#65-8374) and (#65-8303) for SnSe/PbTe and SnSe/PbSe thin films respectively.
The electronic thermal conductivity can be determined from the Wiedemann-Franz law (ke = LσT) where L is the Lorentz number.

Table 1 Sintering conditions of sample adobes Sample number A B C D Glass powder content/% 10 15 22 25 Maximum sintering Temperature /˚C 1150 1080 1030 1000 Heating rate /˚C·min-1 170 170 170 170 Holding time of maximum temperature /min 45 45 45 45 Testing of the Sintered Samples Physical properties testing of the sintered samples.
Table 2 Physical properties of samples Sample number A B C D Marble Granite Density/g·cm-1 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.71 2.61 Compressive strength /MPa 41 88 94 50 98 120 Tensile strength /MPa 3 5 5 4 5 7 Bending strength /MPa 15 22 28 18 17 15 Hydroscopicity/% 0.04 0.01 0 0 0.03 0.23 Acid resistance /% 0 0 0 0 10.3 0.91 Alkali resistance /% 0 0 0 0 0.28 0.08 Radioactivity 0 0 0 0 - - The testing results indicate that the mechanical strength of the sintered material relate to the glass powder content of the sintered raw material.
Compare and contrast diffraction patterns with JCPDS standard cards, the crystalline phases are able to determine.

Zeta potential studies revealed that there is enhanced colloidal stability of MgFe2O4 MNPs after silica coating in aqueous media which is an applicable potential in biomedical applications. 1.0 Introduction In the last two decades, a number of nanoparticle-based therapeutic and diagnostic agents have been developed for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, pain, asthma, allergy, infections, and so on [1,2] (Brannon-Peppas and Blanchette, 2004; Kawasaki and Player, 2005).
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted great interest in a number of biomedical applications due to their inherent magnetic properties and biocompatibility [3].
(3) Where, M is the molecular weight, N is the Avogadro’s number, and a, is the lattice constant.
Like the XRD of the bare sample, the coated sample showed all the characteristic peaks of spinel cubic structure (JCPDS card no. 73-1720) in the diffraction pattern.

On the top of it another Ni layer was deposited until the desired number of multilayer periods was reached.
Both patterns consist of multilayer diffraction peaks numbered as n = 1, 2,… These are actually Bragg peaks with the multilayer period to be the scattering unit instead of the individual crystallographic planes.
[17] JCPDS Card No. 040850

The XRD pattern reveals that the diffraction peaks are well indexed to standard JCPDS card number 39-1490.
By subsequent spill over, the number and the speed of electrons released to the host material increases.

Due to advances in nanotechnology, there is considerable interest in using nanoparticles for a number of applications in the oil & gas industry, such as enhanced oil recovery, reservoir sensing and intervention.
Fig. 6 shows the XRD patterns of ZnO nanoparticles with their plane number.
The peak positions at 2q = 31.85o, 34.29o, 36.18o, 47.55o, 56.63o, 62.85o, 66.38o, 68.00o and 69.22o are assigned to (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112) and (201) and show good agreement with those of the JCPDS (card no 80-0075) data for zinc oxide (ZnO) with a hexagonal wurtzite phase (lattice constants a = 3.242 Å and c = 5.176 Å).