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For a number of constructional materials used in modern engineering, the maximum possible decrease of the temperature-time parameters of the processes of deposition of protective coatings can only be achieved (according to results [1-3]) by using species-activators evolving hydrogen fluoride (HF) during the chemical-thermal treatment.
Hence, it follows that a new technological possibility for the development of nanosructured Pd with the hydride-like nanosegregation structures at grain boundaries (i.e.
Some Data, Techniques and New Physics of Creating Liquid-like Nanosegregation at Grain Boundaries Several new technological possibilities [9-11] of creating a liquid-like state in the grain boundary nanoregions in metals can be used.
Some experimental proofs of the strong influence of the atomic scale smoothing of the involved surfaces (boundaries) on the diffusion processes in metals can be found in the recent studies on motion of the faceted 57◦ [11¯20] tilt grain boundary in zinc [19], on faceting and migration of twin grain boundaries in zinc [20], and on influence of faceting-roughening on triple junction migration in zinc [21].
In addition to data [12-17], it can be also taken under such a consideration the recent data, for instance, [22, 23] on "wetting by solid state" grain boundary phase transition in Zn-Al alloys, or in other (more physical) words, on the formation and diffusion penetration of a new solid phase (of ∼10 microns' thickness) in the grain boundary regions in metallic systems contacting with a corresponding solid phase.

Different from common brittle materials, the super-plasticity of nano-ZrO2 ceramics is greater than that of common engineering ceramics, and its deformation mechanism is grain boundary sliding and particle rearrangement, and the fracture mode is transgranular fracture.
Natural grain size is 60[nm] and molding grain size is 120[nm]. machine Precision lathe CM6136 ultrasonic vibration Power:500[w] amplitude:10[μm] vibration frequency:35[KHz] Plastic Finishing Research of Nano-ZrO2 Ceramics.
The reason of the transition is that the adhesion strength of the inner matrix grains is less than that of the main grain boundary.
On the other hand, the nano effects of the nano-particles in the grain cause a lot of micro-cracks .Because of the random distribution and the stress diversity of the mass nano-particles in grain, the quadric deflection and the bifurcation occur to the transgranular crack, and the energy of cracking expansion is dissipative.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the financial aid to this project supplied by the opening project of Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing Technology and Engineering，Henan Polytechnic University, Henan Polytechnic University Doctor Foundation project(project number:B2012-105), Doctor Initial funding of Henan University of Science and Technology(project number:09001557).

Application to hot torsion data of AISI4145 with two grain sizes has been carried out.
The grain size was 20 mm.
A grain size of 100 mm was revealed.
Microstructures of the fine and coarse grained steels.
Papoff, The dependence of the variances of the parameters in non-linear regression analysis on the number of data points, Analytical Chemical Acta, 200 (1987) 387-396

It is a P number 5A material, which requires post-weld heat treatment of tube to tube-sheet joint.
The optical micrographs in Fig. 3 (a) and (b) show that complete spherodization of the carbide, with most of the carbide particle concentrating along ferrite grain boundaries.
The complete spherodization of the carbide with the pre-responderance of the carbide particle along the ferrite grain boundary [5].
It could be seen from the Fig. 4 (d) shows that at rupture, the microstructure consists of elongated grains, however, considering the above argument the material should have recrystallised.
The rise in temperature led to creep damage to the material, which can be seen from the coarsening of the carbides as well as formation of cracks metal at the triple junction of the grains.

Scanning Electron Microscopy reveals that the grain size of the composite cathode surface increases with increasing soaking time.
This result can be attributed to the coarsening of the nano particle on the SDCC electrolyte powder because of increasing grain size [9].
BSE characterisation images reflect to a different mean atomic number (Z) of every element in the composite LSCF–SDCC cathode.
Sintering at 3 hr duration shows the composite cathode have poor necking between the individual cathode grains.
Seal, Effect of submicron grains on ionic conductivity of nanocrystalline doped ceria, J.

The grain size of Mn-doped BZT6 ceramics decreased with increasing MnO2 doping.
All samples exhibit a dense grain structure, and the Mn addition produces a decrease of the grain size.
As a hard dopant, beyond the solid solubility limit, some Mn ions are deposited at grain boundaries and inhibit grain growth.
The Mn doping has a great influence in dielectric permittivity as well as grain size, i.e., the grain size and the maximum dielectric permittivity decreased by Mn doping.
All of BZT6-xMn ceramics have a dense grain structure and the Mn addition reduces the grain size.

This fine-grain parallel computation at the algorithm level, when running on distributed memory machines, requires frequent communication and higher demands for computing networks.
In addition, parallel finite element method based on the domain decomposition is coarse-grain parallel strategy.
It can be seen that acceleration efficiency is obvious when calculated via different number of threads, and with the increase of the threads’ number, solving efficiency declines slightly.
Test Results of General Equations with 380000 Order Coefficient Matrix Number of threads 1 2 4 8 Solving Time(s) 223.75 126.26 66.57 36.64 Parallelization of Krylov Subspace Iterative Algorithm Based on MPI Platform.
Test Results of Slightly ill-conditioned Equations with 930000 Order Coefficient Matrix Method Solving Time (s) Number of Iterations Number of Threads Convergence Tolerance CGS 447.3 297 1 1.0E-12 CGS 220.8 967 4 1.0E-12 CGS 170.2 1103 8 1.0E-12 BICGSTAB 150.4 480 8 1.0E-12 Original Program 656.12 850 1 1.0E-12 Parallelization of Sparse Direct Solver on OpenMP Platform All text, figures and tables must be in English.

The direction of the specimen axis was marked so that the orientation of each grain relative to the loading axis could be determined.
Cyclic creep rate decreases approximately linearly with the logarithm of the number of cycles for all mean stresses until it reaches the values around 10-6 to 10-7 per cycle, which corresponds to the saturation of the mean strain.
Typical dislocation structures in austenitic grain (a) and ferritc grain (b) after cycling with sa = 360 MPa and sm = 250 MPa to fracture (eap,s = 2.1x10-3, em = 12 %).
The structure in austenitic grain is formed by dense thin bands parallel to the trace of primary slip plane.
Typical dislocation structure in a ferritic grain is characterized by parallel thick bands.

When deforming at 468K, more and more fine isometric crystals were found around the large grain, deformed large grain surrounded by fine DRX grains, just like the necklace shape.
In addition to the concomitant of the deformed large grain and fine DRX grain, the DRX grains replace the primitive large grains, as shown in Fig.4(b).
When the deforming temperature is 493K, as shown in Fig.4(c), the DRX grain grow up a little, and the microstructure become more equality, most of the grains are DRX grain, only little deformed large grains can be seen.
In addition, the large coarse grains existed in the TRC magnesium sheet are very easy to produce twin grains, after on line annealing, partial of the twin grains can be thermal activation to produce crystallization grains.
Twin grains were generated in the material after pre-deformation, so both nucleation number and plasticity of the material were increased.

Introduction Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) has received considerable attention recently because of its ability to introduce an ultrafine grain size into large grained materials for improved mechanical properties.
Maximum ODF intensity of texture components as a function of pass number.
Figure 4 shows the evolution of maximum ODF intensity of the main ECAP texture components with growing number of passes.
During isothermal or isochronal annealing, two stages of texture evolution can be distinguished irrespective of the pass number.
The main components were found to be {001} <110> and {112} <110> depending on the number of ECAP passes.