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Fig.5a and Fig.5b shows that there are narrow grains distributed in the alloy under quasi-static compression.
The narrow grains disappeared in the alloy compressed at 1300s-1 shown in Fig.5c.
It can be found from Fig.5e that there were still a large number of twins in the alloy compressed at 4800s-1, at the same time, the localized deformation zones appeared.
Fig.5g shows that crack came into being in the localized deformation in which there were a large number of fine twins who deformed tempestuously and greater stress concentration occurred there.
There appears localized deformation zones formed with recrystal grains and twin crystals in the alloy compressed at 4800s-1, whose mechanical properties are lower than those of alloy compressed at 1800s-1.

The metallographic analysis results show that there were a large number of carbides segregated in the grain boundary and the intergranular cracks were observed for the samples in the weld zone of the stainless steel clad plate.
Test results from Table 1 show that the contents of C, S, and Cr of weld and base metal from 321 stainless steel are higher than those of the original specifications, which implies that carbides could segregate in the grain boundary when the shift reactor was after 8 year service.
In addition, it is found that a large number of carbides segregated in the grain boundary, and the intergranular cracks were observed in the weld zone of 321 stainless steel.
It can be seen From Fig.4 (a) that a large number of C, S, and O were found in point A, particularly, the content of S (1.76 wt%) is more than 255 times as much as the original content of S (0.0069 wt%) of 321 stainless steel.
(2) The results of metallographic analysis show that there were a large number of carbides segregated in the grain boundary, and the intergranular cracks of the 321 stainless steel weld appeared for the test block after 8 year service

The lithologic characteristic is higher fine sand and (powder+stick) grains, gray silty fine sand, fine sand content of 47.39%, (powder+stick) grain content of 37.44%; in fine-grained sandstone and fine sandstone, fines content was 50.95-67.59%,(powder+stick) grain content of 21.02-21.92%; containing coarse-grained sandstone, fine-grained content of 22.90%, (powder+stick) grain content of 17.43%. thus it can be seen that fine grained components in Ore-bearing aquifer are more concentrated, they are all between 50-70%, (powder+stick) grains are higher, all between 17-22%.
General shale distribution is uneven, with grain-supported pore cementation, locally (see some lumps) matrix-supported, basal-type cementation is generally loose.
Table 7.Data of sterilization’s effect Sample Bacteria Before sterilization （number/mL） After sterilization (number/mL) System 1 System 2 System 3 Injected Water SRB 2.5×102 2.5×10 2.5 negative TGB 2.5×104 2.5×102 2.5×10 negative FEB 2.5×105 2.5×102 2.5×10 negative We can see form Table 7 that system 3 has the best sterilization’s effect.

As a film gets thicker, the grains of the films also grow further, hence the final size of grains deposited at a thicker film is supposed to be larger than that of a thinner one.
Surface image of CZTSe film shows uniformly distributed facetted grains with a number of grain boundaries in Fig.5(a).
It is discussed earlier that the CZTSe thin films possess small grains, which means exhibit a number of grain boundaries.
These grain boundaries may act as a defect in films that inhibit the mobility of carriers/holes according to Mathiessen’s rule [11].
Nevertheless, for a device operation, mobility through-the-grain values are more relevant, since individual grains may extend from the back contact to the interface of junction [12].

σx= σhomogeneous deformation+σfriction+σadditional deformation+σbearing (3) In a multi-stage process, the sequence design or draft will be constituted by a number of consecutive stages (n) and the current stage is defined as i.
Besides, the Hall-Petch Equation (10) allows to predict the grain size in a metal that has been plastically deformed [26].
Summary of results from the FEM and analytical models and grain size calculation.
Modelling of grain size evolution with different approaches via FEM when hard machining of AISI 4140.
Six decades of the Hall–Petch effect – a survey of grain-size strengthening studies on pure metals.

(a) tensile properties of the rolling direction (L), (b) tensile properties of the thickness direction (ST) and (c) fracture toughness Grain structure The grain structure of the alloys with different pre-deformation degrees is characterized by EBSD maps and the results are shown in Fig. 2.
All the alloys are composed of pan-caked grains and a few recrystallized grains, which is mainly attributed to the recrystallization of the rolled plates during the solution treatment.
Since the aging temperature of 145℃ is far from sufficient to generate apparent changes in grain structure, the grain morphology change can be attributed to the slip deformation in the pre-deformation [15].
Compared with the SADPs of the alloys with pre-deformation, it can be found that the short diagonal of the diamond of the alloy without pre-deformation is more pronounced, indicating a higher number of θ' phases, while the brightness of the diffraction spots of the T1 phase is significantly weaker, indicating a lower number of T1 phases.
Moreover, T1 phases tend to precipitate near the grain boundaries while there are few T1 phases in the alloy grains without pre-deformation.

Once nuclei are formed, the presence of boron and carbon rich layer retards the grain growth allowing more grains to form in the surrounding area.
Afterwards, the TiB and TiC precipitate at the prior β grain boundaries, as shown in Fig.2.
The value of Ky generally depends on the number of slip systems and is higher for HCP metals than that for FCC and BCC metals [16].
Since α-Ti is HCP, the grain size affects the yield strength significantly.
Miracle, Grain refinement of cast titanium alloys via trace boron addition, Scripta Mater, 53 (2005) 1421-1426

The stability of individual austenite grains is closely related with testing temperature [2], second phase morphology and retained austenite morphology [3], carbon content [4], and microstructural sites of austenite grains [5].
According to the Phase map analysis by EBSD, the retained austenite (g) was distributed into ferrite grains and grain boundaries of α (ferrite and bainite) grains as shown in Fig. 2.
The dislocation density in bainite and martensite grains is normally much high higher than that in ferrite ones.
A large number of dislocations in bainite and martensite may introduce a lattice distortion and in those grains as well as locally heavy strain, and their IQ and CI were thereby lowered.
Tirumalasetty et al. [5] mentioned that the retained austenite in the a grain boundaries showed low mechanical stability and that in ferrite matrix was more stable because straining led to rotations of the harder austenite grain within the softer ferrite matrix before transformed into martensite.

Three-year results show: sandy soil amendment treatments all increased soil moisture, they are T3>T4>T5>T2>T1>CK, and with depth of soil layer increasing, differences of among treatments reduced; it can significantly (P<0.05) increased plant height of millet and dry matter accumulation above-ground by 1.77%-25.67% and 3.21%-104.79% respectively compared with CK; grain yield under sandy soil amendment is significantly (P<0.05) higher than CK, yield of 18000 kg·hm-2 and 24000 kg·hm-2 treatments is higher than others，being 5102.55 kg·hm-2 and 5035.85 kg·hm-2, biological yield, water and fertilizer use efficiency have the same effect as grain yield.
Fertilizer use efficiency (Y) was calculated by Equation (4): Y=A/T [7] (4) Where A (kg·hm-2) is the grain yield of millet, and T (mm) is the total whole growing season using fertilizer amount.
Fig. 2 Effect of sandy soil amendment on dry matter accumulation of millet .2 2.4 Effect of sandy soil amendment on millet yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency From table 2, grain and biological yield under sandy soil amendment treatments were higher than that of CK.
This study showed, grain yield of all sandy soil amendment treatments was significantly higher than that of CK, 18000 kg·hm-2 and 24000 kg·hm-2 treatments were highest among all treatments, being 5102.55 kg·hm-2 and 5035.85 kg·hm-2 with the increments of 17.69% and 16.15%; biological yield of all treatments was also significantly higher than CK, and it was consistent with grain yield.
Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge financial support from National natural Science foundation project of China ‘The study of water storage and preservation ,and ecological mechanism of Water-saving material’ (number 31160267), the Special Scientific Research Fund of Agricultural Public Welfare Profession of China (number 201003053-4) and Inner Mongolia natural foundation project (number 2012MS0322).

A separate crystallite (with a number n), owing to a small size, has the energy of crystallographic anisotropy:
At great values of the ratio , the important role is played by the magnetostatic mechanism of pinning of the domain walls (surface grains of nanowires).
Motion and annihilation of walls in a chain of crystal grains without the exchange coupling.
The process of pinning of domain walls in the case of the absence of exchange between the crystal grains proceeds similarly to that described in the section devoted to the force profile.
In a wire consisting of crystal grains interacting only through dipole-dipole interaction (in the absence of exchange coupling) such barrier is absent.