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., Parc Technologique des Fontaines, 38190 Bernin, France anikolay.cherkashin@cemes.frl, bOleg.KONONCHUK@soitec.com, chytch@cemes.fr Keywords: interfaces; direct wafer bonding; O-lattice theory; dislocations; 90° high angle grain boundary; silicon.
Introduction Direct wafer bonding (DWB) utilizing controllable twist/tilt disorientation between wafers has been extensively used to engineer large area grain boundaries in Si with desired configurations [1,2].
Atomic rearrangement at the interface between Si(110) and Si(001) results in the creation of a 90° high angle grain boundary (HAGB), so-called incommensurate grain boundary characterized by an absence of the periodic coincidence site lattice.
In other words, approximately each third plane contains one 90° Shockley dislocation with associated with the stacking fault (ratio of the number of Shockley dislocations per number of planes equals 1:2.19).
Frank dislocation with appearing with a period equal approximately 18planes (ratio of the number of Frank dislocations per number of planes equals 1:17.5).

So the sample sintered at 950°C has the largest grain size and the highest crystal perfectibility in the samples containing the same Al-doping.
The details of grain sizes in different directions of Zn0.990-yCo0.010AlyO (y = 0,0.005 and 0.010) samples versus ST were shown in Fig.1(b), which reveals that the grain sizes are increasing with increasing of ST for the samples containing the same Al-doping concentration.
Meanwhile, ellipsoidal grains have been transformed into spheroidic ones.
As we known, from Fig.1, the grain size and crystal perfectibility of the Zn0.980Co0.010Al0.010O sample are all lower than that of the Zn0.985Co0.010Al0.005O sample.
The observed ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature can be attributed to the FM exchange induced by conductive electrons when a large number of ionized donors exist in the perfect crystals.

The FE-SEM results indicated that the simultaneous evolution in grain refinement with cross-section microstructure through the Al sputtering current.
It can be seen that, the small grain and smooth surface were obtained at 300 mA (Fig. 3a).
When increase energy distribution of sputtered atoms, the growth and increasing the number of nucleation sites on thin films surface were achieved.
The cross-section observation apparently reveals the columnar having tight grains pattern.
It has been reported that incorporation of Al atom into CrN crystal structure can develop amorphous AlN phase in grain boundary, which can effectively reduce grain size due to grain boundary effect [10].

New grains are only formed in the MSB areas.
(e) misorientation profile across grain (parallel to ND).
Nucleation of new grains and growth process.
The occurrence of the cube oriented grains.
Once formed the new grains exhibit a strong tendency to grow by forming new grain boundaries through recrystallization twinning and hence change their orientation.

Subsequently, the number of flow curves used to fit the model parameters is gradually reduced.
In addition optimal distribution of the sampling points in the experimental matrix for a reduced number of experiments is discussed.
(6) Here N is the number of measured points for each flow curve, σmesj and σj are the jth measured and predicted flow stress for each flow curve, rreli is the relative error for each flow curve and M is the number of flow curves.
Subsequently the number of flow curves taken into account for the fit is reduced.
Using an intermediate number of entries yields an intermediate accuracy (Figure 2b)).

However, with high amounts of Nb, abnormal grain growth and precipitation can occur, especially in coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ), which can deteriorate the impact toughness [6].
Wu et al. [9] showed that Mo addition can increase the number density of precipitates and also diminished the size of these precipitates, which promoted the refinement of the grain size and the enhancement of the steel toughness in Nb-Mo steel.
The purpose was to simulate the coarse-grained zone of HAZ region (CGHAZ) and partially re-austenitised inter-critical zone (ICHAZ).
Measuring point 1 was located on the ICHAZ region, points 2–4 on the fine grained HAZ (FGHAZ) and 4–12 on the coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ).
Shorter t8/5 time (5 s) produced generally better impact toughness properties compared to longer t8/5 time (15 s), which can be consequence of smaller grain size.

The result indicated that the SO42-/ LaCoFeO4 grain sizes (£10nm) were smaller and the specific surface area (126M2/g ) was higher than the pure metal oxide LaCoFeO4.
Many methods have been adopted to improve the selectivity of the sensors, for instance, by doping with small number of metal ions or using of other semiconducting material [2,4,5,7].
XRD spectra of SO42-/LaCoFeO4 and LaCoFeO4 SO42-/LaCoFeO4 4444 LaCoFeO4 From Table 2, The SO42-/ LaCoFeO4 and LaCoFeO4 have significant difference in BET, grain size and composition.
The superacid of SO42-/LaCoFeO4 was confined effectively to grain size and the surface area was increased.
This result indicates that the introduction of SO42- into LaCoFeO4 may contribute to lift up the surface area and decrease the grain size.

Morphology of the carbide precipitates, including the cementite precipitated along the grain boundaries of the primary austenite, hypereutectoid cementite precipitated in the Widmannstӓtten system, and lederburitic cementite was characterized.
However, it was observed that the needle-like precipitates of hypereutectoid cementite can be broken by heat treatment as well as the continuous net of ledeburite, and hypereutectoid cementite precipitated along the boundaries of prior austenite grain.  
Chemical compositions of these cast steels are summarized in Table 1, where numbers 1, 2, and 3 refers to the manufacturer.
In the microstructure of the G200CrNiMo4-3-3 cast steel (see Fig. 2), the transformed ledeburite together with the built on - along boundaries of the primary austenite grains - secondary cementite, can be observed.
Mazur, The influence of grain size upon the fracture toughness of the hot-work tool steel, Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 12/1 (1983) 22-28

For this purpose a number of corrosion monitoring methods are utilized which in order to monitor corrosion processes use measurements of dependence between the corrosion potential and corrosion current passing through metal surface and their time variations.
Pretreatment of the material was carried out by grinding and air blasting by brown corrundum (BC) (grain size 0.71 mm), steel shot (SS) (0.71 mm) and cut wire (CW) (0.9 mm).
This is closely connected to kinetic energy of the impacting grains and finally the actual size of the surface.
The aim of the experimental work was to assess the effect of used pretreatment technology and its parameters (material, shape and grain size of the blasting media, kinetic energy of the grain, the angle of impact) on ongoing corrosion processes and subsequently recommend the optimal time from pretreatment of surface to coating application for practice.
Blasted surface is characterized by the disruption of the base material occurring in the point of impact of blast grains and thus revealing new layers of material.

of abrasive grain visually, a MATLAB procedure was compiled to simulate the path of grain as shown in Fig. 1.
Form Fig. 1 it can be seen that the path of abrasive grain is a helical curve.
Fig. 1 Simulation of three-dimensional grain trajectory Fig. 2 Sketch map of grain trajectory in one round Grinding force analysis During the process of ultrasonic vibration mill-grinding, abrasive grains penetrate the surface of workpiece and depart from it at a huge speed periodically.
The trajectory of grain in one ultrasonic vibration period is shown in Fig. 4.
(8) where is the number of active grain.