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Tooth bleaching has been routinely used since the late 1870s [1] and several materials and techniques have been presented for this purpose [2].
The bleaching materials currently used have as the active ingredient either hydrogen peroxide (HP) or its precursor carbamide peroxide (CP), in various concentration.
Materials and methods Tooth selection.
References [1] Fasanaro TS: submitted to Journal of Esthetic Dentistry (1992) [2] Joiner A:submitted to Journal of Dentistry （2007） [3] Zantner C, Derdilopoulou F and Martus P: submitted to Operative Dentistry (2006) [4] Ziebolz D, Helms K and Hannig C: submitted to Clinical Oral Investigation (2007) [5] Benamar A, Liberman R and Gorfil C: submitted to American Journal of Dentistry (1995) [6] Attin T, Manolakis A and Buchalia W: submittied to Journal of Oral Rehabilitation (2003) [7] Berger SB, Coelho AS and Oliveira VAP: submitted to Journal of Applied Oral Science (2008) [8] Hegedüs C, Bistey T and Flóra-Nagy E: submitted to Journal of Dentistry (1999) [9] Bertrand MF, Leforestier E and Muller M: submitted to Journal of Biomedical Materials Research (2000) [10] de Freitas PM, Turssi Cp and Hara AT: submitted to American Journal of Dentistry ( 2004) [11] Efeoglu N, Wood D and Efeoglu C: submitted to Journal of Dentistry (2005) [12] Zantner C, Beheim-Schwarzbach N and Neumann
K: submitted to Dental Materials (2007) [13] de Freitas PM, Turssi CP and Hara AT: submitted to Quintessence International (2004) [14] Attin T, Betke H and Schippan F: submitted to Journal of Dentistry (2007) [15] Gladwell J, Simmons D and Wright JT: submitted to Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry (2006) [16] Tanizawa Y: submitted to International Journal of Cosmetic Science (2005) [17] Lewinstein I, Fuhrer N and Churaru N:submitted to Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry ( 2004) [18] Chen HP, Chang CH, and Liu JK: submitted to Journal of Dentistry (2008) [19] Perez CR, Hirata RJ and da Silva AH: submitted to Operative Dentistry (2009) [20] Cilli R, de Mattos MCR and Honorio HM: submitted to Journal of Dentistry (2009)

Admixtures Cement concrete is the largest man-made contemporary engineering materials.
Application of Coal gangue In recent years, development of building materials of coal gangue is quite rapid.
(In Chinese) [3] H.B.FU: submitted to Construction Equipment and Construction Materials (2010).
(In Chinese) [12]B.JIA, R.H.ZHANG: submitted to Fujian Building Materials (2010).
Bui: submitted to Construction and Building Materials (2011) [15]P.K.Mehta: submitted to Advances in Concrete Technology.

In recent years, stepwise graded materials, where the material properties vary gradually or layer-by-layer within the material itself, were utilized as a core material in sandwich composites.
Alρ is density of base material of aluminum foam.
Simitses: Journal of Applied Mechanics - Tansactions of the ASME Vol.75(2008), p.125 [4] G.J.
Fleck: European Journal of Mechanics - A: Solids Vol.25(2006), p. 215 [5] Erheng Wang, Nate Gardner, Arun Shukla:International Journal of Solids and Structures Vol.46 (2009), p. 3492 [6] P.J.
Li: Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids Vol.53(2005), p. 2174

Mullite whiskers can be used for metal matrix composite and ceramic matrix composites to enhance the mechanical properties of materials.
Kyanite breaks up into mullite and α-cristobalite in high temperature, so adding a certain amount of alumina into kyanite can make all raw materials into mullite.
Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2008, 28: 329-344 [2] Ni Wen, Liu Fengmei.
Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2000, 1: 4-7 [3] Yuan Jianjun, Liu Zhien, Han Yu.
Journal of Inorganic Materials, 1996: 76-78 [4] Xie Qingfeng, Chen Senfeng, Lu Difen.

Tang: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol. 175 (2010), p. 816 [3] F.
Hameed: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol. 164 (2009), p. 473 [5] J.
Chen: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol. 168 (2009), p. 739 [7] Z.L.
Meikap: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol. 153 (2008), p.221
Xia: Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 150 (2008), p.446

Quartz belongs to the hard and brittle materials, which has the characteristics of high strength, not conductive, low fracture toughness and high hardness [1].
Considering the chemical etching processing principle of the quartz materials and the existing processing technology, HF, HF+CH3COOH, NH4HF2 and NH4F+HF dissolved solution are currently used.
References [1] Yundian Zhang, Machining technology of hard and brittle materials (Science Press, China 2011).
Journal of Vacuum Science \& Technology A. 1993, 11(4): 763-767
Journal of chemical physics. 2002, 116: 275-280

Zhong: Materials Science and Engineering B 178 (2013), p. 990
[14] J.A. de Castro, M.F. de Campos: Materials Science Forum Vols. 591-593 (2008), p. 80
[16] M.F. de Campos, J.A. de Castro: Materials Science Forum Vols. 660-661 (2010), p. 279
[17] M.F. de Campos, J.A. de Castro: Materials Science Forum Vols. 727-728 (2012), p. 151
[18] M.F. de Campos, F.A.S. da Silva, E.A Perigo, J.A. de Castro: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Vol. 345 (2013), p. 147.

All the materials were assumed as uniform and isotropy in this work, and the materials properties used in this calculation are listed in Ref. [9].
E is the Elastic Modulus of materials; σ0.2 is the Yielding Stress of materials, w is the work hardening coefficient of materials.
Yang: Journal of the American Ceramic Society Vol. 78-2 (1995), p. 285 [2] P.
Zhou: Materials Science and Engineering A Vol. 392-1 (2005), p. 81 [4] P.
Xu: Materials Science and Engineering A Vol. 408-1 (2005), p. 195

The connection of these materials always utilizes various technologies.
Development and research status of biomedical titanium alloys [J].Material Science &Technology, 2002, 10(1), 100-106
Materials Processing Technology, 2010, 210(2010):1761-1771
Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine, 2005(16): 229-237
Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2011(211) : 1166-1174

In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 377, No. 1, p. 012092).
Journal of Materials Science, 41(17), 5731-5734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0100-1 [4].
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Journal of composite materials, 45(23), 2371-2378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998311401086 [10].
Journal of materials science, 46(9), 3176-3185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-5201-1 [28].