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GI = ∑(Gi×(8-t)); Gi is the number of seeds germinated in the ith day, t is the number of the days.
Effects of drought stress on the number of roots Drought stress also exerts significant impacts on the number of roots in weedy rice and cultivated rice (Fig 3a).
HLJ07-31 (22) (weedy rice) has the highest root number tolerance index 1.13, while the root number tolerance index of Han 297 (32) (cultivated rice) is the lowest.
Effects of drought stress on the number of root (a), tolerance index based on the number of roots (b) (n=3 and error bars are±SD).
The effect of seedling rate, seeding date and location on grain yield, maturity, protein percentage and protein yield of some spring wheat in central Alberia.

Specifically concerning grain orientation, in general polycrystalline materials, deformation is not evenly distributed over the grains but is rather heterogeneously distributed depending on grain orientation.
The resulting ferrite grain size was 5.3µm in average.
The resulting average grain size was 10.4µm.
The average grain size was 10.6µm.
Because the total map area, and consequently the maximum number of misorientations, was always kept constant, the low angle fractions normally decreased while larger angle fractions increased with increasing rolling reduction.

(4) where Γ is the Gibbs-Thomson coefficient, R is the dendrite tip radius, Pei is the Peclet number for i, mi is the liquidus slope, C0,i is the initial concentration for i, ki is the partition coefficient for i, ζc(Pei) is a function of the Peclet number, Iv(Pei) is the Ivantsov solution (i=Cr or Al) and Ghkl is the average thermal gradient near the tip
On the formation of a centerline grain boundary during fusion welding, Acta Mater., 48(2000),4191-4201
The effect of welding conditions on stray grain formation in single crystal welds-theoretical analysis, Acta Materialia, 53(2005),53-67
Stray grain formation in single-crystal Ni-based superalloy welds, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.94 (6) (2003), 4203-4209
Microscale simulation of stray grain formation in investment cast turbine blades, Materials Science and Engineering A, 386(2004),129-139

Fig. 2f displays the microstructure for cast C263; this shows an equiaxed grain structure with an average grain size of approximately 86μm in diameter.
All grain sizes were measured by means of the linear intercept method.
The vertical specimens had the loading axis orientated parallel to the columnar grain structure, whilst the horizontal specimens had the loading orientation perpendicular to the columnar grains - the latter having a finer grain structure along the loading direction, providing a stronger mechanical response.
SPT testing, along with fractography, has discovered a number of dissimilarities between each material variant, providing the following conclusions: 1.
Morris, The Influence of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of Steel, 2001

Preparation of the reconstituted bamboo fibrous sheet composite After being dried, the matching impregnated bamboo fibrous sheet material sent to a big mixed mould with the grain in parallel direction and then pressed into the mould (Fig 1) using the cold press machine.
The properties of density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture （MOR）， modulus of elasticity (MOE) were performed using the China Standard GB/T 17657-1999; The properties of shearing strength both the perpendicular loading and parallel loading were performed using the China Standard GB/T 20241-2006; compression parallel to grain values were performed using the American Standard ASTM D 3501-2005.
The good dimensional stability may be due to the decrease number of the hydrophilic radical where the resin occupied the lumen either in granules or in patches when cured.
The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), shearing strength (perpendicular), shearing strength (parallel), compression parallel to grain values were studied.
The compression parallel to grain values increased from 80MPa to 120MPa with the density increasing from 0.85g/cm3 and 1.2g/cm3.

An example of a Kossel line pattern from a grain of interstitial free (IF) steel is shown in Fig. 2b.
The grain that was selected is circled in Fig. 2a.
a 200 µm b b Fig. 2: a) SEM image of the microstructure showing the grain analysed by Kossel diffraction - b) Experimental Kossel line pattern from an IF steel grain The obtained Kossel line pattern is then indexed using a semi-automatic program, KSLStrain, developed by Adam Morawiec [11].
Then, conics on the pattern are marked manually selecting a number of points per each Kossel line (Fig.3a).
XRD measurements in one grain take several hours, so a slight relaxation of the tensile device can explain why the σ11 obtained is a little below the applied stress.

In this paper, some geometrical analysis of end-face cylindrical grinding with cup-type CBN wheel is made, including effects of grinding parameters on the length of wheel-workpiece contact line, the wheel-workpiece relative sliding velocity and the ground grain trace density.
The CBN grains are fixed by resin bond on the end face of the wheel.
Theoretical Analysis of Effect of Parameters on the Ground Grain Trace Density It is defined that the total length of abrasive cutting traces in grinding zone in unit time is Qn, which can be used to illustrate grinding efficiency.
The ratio of the standard error E of the grain trace density to the trace density P is named as variation coefficient ZV, which can be used to illustrate the ground surface roughness [6].
If we choose a small area Grinding wheel Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 189 a-b-c-d in grinding zone, which has a length of l0 and width b0, and divide the area into m pieces of same smaller rectangle area, then suppose that the cutting trace length of grains and the trace density in the ith rectangle area are SS[i] and PP[i] respectively, in which, i=1, 2, 3…, m, thus following equations can be deduced [6-7]. == m 1i n ]i[SSQ . (5)� P E ZV = . (6) In which,� 2 1 m 1i 2 ) 1m ])i[PPP( (E � � = = ;� 00 n bl Q P � = ;� 00 bl ]i[SSm ]i[PP � � = ; 2 1 2 S WW ii 2ii W )) nRn cosr() n2 sinrn2V ((]i[SS � ��+ 
 �
+ =

The discontinuity is appeared while the engineering structure is small next to their particle or crystal grain.
When the research range is tend to the size of the materials particle or crystal grain, the assumption of continuum theory need to rediscuss.
In micromechanics research field, the least particle is crystals grain.
The internal force of crystals grain would be influenced greatly with the composition of crystals grain, the number of crystals structural surface and the dimension of crack between crystals grain.
The diameter of crystals grains is 0.1~50mm in general, while the corresponding mesoscopic similar-continuous micro-particle dimension δc is 1.0~500mm.

The number of defects due to N vacancies decreased significantly with increasing annealing temperature.
However, when the annealing temperature reached 700°C, the crystalline grain became larger on the film surfaces.
The carrier concentration decreased from −5.64 × 1018 to −1.54 × 1018 cm−3, close to half an order of magnitude (the negative number represents n-type carriers), as shown in Fig. 4.
Furthermore, the number of defects due to N vacancies decreased appreciably after annealing.
However, when the annealing temperature reached 700°C, the crystalline grain structure became larger on the film surface, as shown in Fig. 5.

The soil properties are identified by conducting different laboratory tests such as Sieve grain analysis, Atterberg limits, Specific gravity using Pycnometer, Standard Proctor tests, California Bearing ratio test.
From the tests results soil is classified as Fine grained red soil.
The estimation of the CBR could be done on the basis of these tests which are quick to perform, less time consuming and cheap, then it will be easy to get the information about the strength of subgrade over the length of roads, By considering this aspect, a number of investigators in the past made their investigations in this field and designed different pavements by determining the CBR value on the basis of results of low cost, less time consuming and easy to perform tests.
Design of perpetual pavements with deep strength bituminous layer Following information is needed for estimating design traffic: *Initial traffic after construction in terms of number of Commercial Vehicles per day (CVPD) *Traffic growth rate during the design life in percentage *Design life in number of years *Spectrum of axle loads *Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) Results and Analysis Grain size distribution using sieve analysis Fig. 3 Seive analysis graph • As per IS 2720-4(1985) the soil is classified into Fine grained soil
Various Laboratory test conducted, by the soil test conducted the soil is found as coarse grained with Specific Gravity of 2.6.The optimum moisture content is found to be 13.5%.The C.B.R value for the collected sample is 4.38%.The C.B.R value after Lime and Geogrid stabilization is 14.6% and 23.5% respectively.