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However, the hardness of titanium and titanium alloys is low, and the wear resistance is poor, which limits its development.
The aim of this study was to synthesize a hardened layer on pure grade-2 Ti by combined processing in the furnace.
Wang: Surface modification of titanium and titanium alloys: technologies, developments, and future interests, Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol. 22 (2020) p. 1901258
Benarous: Characterization and properties of boriding titanium alloy Ti6Al4V, Acta Physica Polonica A, Vol. 137 (2020) p. 493-495
Utsumi: Surface hardening of titanium using gas nitriding, International journal of precision engineering and manufacturing, Vol. 14, (2013) p. 971-976

The present work aims to optimize the Al2W3O12 synthesis variables in order to obtain a powder with high crystallinity and small crystallite size.
Kovacheva: Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 509 (2011), p. 7022
Sleight: Journal of Solid State Chemistry Vol 133 (1997), p. 580
Harris: Journal Materials Science Vol. 47 (2012), p. 6286
Coelho: Journal of Applied Crystallography Vol. 31(1998), p. 851

The temperature of molten aluminum alloy maintains at 620±5°C during the whole experiment.
In the experiment, solid aluminum alloy is put into the crucible.
Zou: Journal of Materials and Metallurgy Vol. 8 (2009), p. 150 [7] A.
Zhu, et al: Journal of Chinese Society for Corrosion and Protection Vol. 24 (2004), p. 370 [12] X.Y.
Han: The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals Vol. 20 (2010), p. 259

As listed in Table 1, hot dip galvanized steel, aluminium, low carbon steel, copper, magnesium and zinc alloys are of interest for silane pretreatments.
Zhu [71], when chromated surface gets damaged, chromate ions leach out and diffuse to the damaged area in an aqueous medium and reform protective compounds with the metal.
Not only using silane mixes and silane multilayers, but also by adding certain inhibitors and inorganic compounds such as clays to silane films, enhanced properties similar to chromates are achieved [53,76-78,83,89].
Cao, CN, "Electrodeposition of Silane Films on Aluminium Alloys for Corrosion Protection."
[77] Palanivel, V., Zhu, D., van Ooij, W.J., Nano particle-filled silane films as chromate replacements for aluminum alloys.

This paper aims to investigate the microstructural evolution and densification aspects involved in the obtainment of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb (at.%) alloy by three P/M-processing routes.
These alloys can be classified in two categories: single phase (γ) alloys and two-phase (γ +α2) alloys [7].
Intermetallic Alloys Based on Gamma Titanium Aluminide, Journal of Metals, 41 (1989) 24-30
Aerospace Lab Journal, 3 (2011) 1-11
Darolia et al (Eds.), TiAl Compounds for Structural Applications.

Titanium Alloys.
Aluminum Alloys.
Iron- and Nickel- Based Alloys.
AM technology opens the door for fabricating special alloys such as nickel-based alloys.
Humbeeck, "Heat Treatment of Ti6Al4V Produced by Selective Laser Melting: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 541, pp. 177-185, 2012

The paper affirms that, despite the number of works in the sludge neutralization of waste water containing heavy metal compounds, the proportion of their use remains marginal.
The research of chemical, mineralogical and granulometric composition of wastewater slurry waste neutralization in production of vanadium pentoxide and ferrovanadium alloys by OJSC "EVRAZ Vanadium Tula" has been carried out.
Identification of the Research Objectives The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of using the vanadium pentoxide production slurry waste and ferro-vanadium alloys as raw material components of the raw charge clay gravel production.
Discussion of Experimental Results Sludge ICC and LPC are polymineral materials including iron compounds, gypsum, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2.
Abdrakhimov, Orientation and sequence of proceeding reactions at firing of clay materials with the raised contents of iron oxide, Bashkir chemical journal, 13(2) (2006) 54-55

The demand for tantalum and niobium has increased steadily due to their importance in the production of modern industrial materials and high tech consumer products such as super alloys and cell phones.
This work aims at recovery of tantalum and niobium from Abu Dabbab deposits at the Eastern Desert of Egypt.
The results demonstrated that a niobium-rich compound was successfully separated.
Nete, Separation and Purification of Niobium and Tantalum from Synthetic and Natural Compounds, PhD thesis.
Chattopadhyay, Separation of niobium and tantalum, Journal of Radoanalytieal and Nuclear Chemistry. 109 (1987) 45-54

Introduction Aluminum alloys are widely used in automotive and aerospace industries because of their high strength and specific rigidity.
In recent years, more and more aluminum alloys prepared by forging have been adopted instead of the steel constructions[1,2].
The aim of the study in the following is to provide a fundamental view on the fracture behaviors of thixo-forging.
Experimental procedure The alloy used in the present study was a commercial 7A04 alloy.
Some areas with dark contrast are the traces of the eutectic compound.

Theoretical formula The determination of friction force was one of the aims of the researchers in order to characterize the obtained thin films from the tribological point of view at a nanoscale.
Results and discussions The research aimed at determining the mechanical and tribological properties of gold thin films elaborated by thermal evaporation method by atomic force microscopy investigations.
The results also aimed at determining the depth of the traces.
Kysar, Fabrication of crack-free blanket nanoporous gold thin films by galvanostatic dealloying, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 509 (2011) 6374–6381
Lee, Fabrication of nanoporous gold thin films on silicon substrate by multilayer deposition of Au and Ag, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 484 (2009) 28–32