Books by Keyword: Microstructure

Description: The steel industry continues to remain a highly dynamic sector that must repeatedly face new challenges. During recent years, key factors have been the consolidation of new technologies, the marketing of new steel grades and the development of new products. Innovation, cost-reduction and environmental conservation are challenges that all of the players in the steel world - i.e. industry, research and academia - have to confront every day. Microalloying is one of the principal actors in this struggle.
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This interesting volume focuses on the technology of metal and ceramic powders; particularly with regard to powder production, spray-forming, powder compaction and sintering, mechanical alloying, corrosion of PM parts and biomedical applications. Also treated are powder production, sintering mechanisms, sintering furnaces, injection moulding and ceramic processing, automotive applications and future perspectives.

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This volume comprises selected papers from the Asian Pacific Conference for Fracture and Strength (APCFS’04), held on Jeju Island, Korea during the 6th to 8th October, 2004. During this conference, participants from the Asian-Pacific region gathered in order to exchange the latest experimental, theoretical and computational research on the fracture, strength, integrity and reliability of materials and structures.

Description: This seventh volume in the series covering the latest results in the field includes abstracts of papers which appeared between the publication of Annual Retrospective VI (Volumes 226-228) and the end of July 2005 (journal availability permitting).

Description: To the materials science community, Texture is an important property which describes the relative orientations of the various material elements which constitute the microstructure. These elements are usually the crystalline grains; each with a different orientation of its crystal lattice. However, morphological textures, such as the arrangement of fibers in a composite material, also have to be considered. In rare cases, the texture is random; with all possible orientations being equally represented in the material. But, usually, processing of the material has caused the texture to become non-random; with a consequent anisotropy of the material properties. Thus, not only metallurgists and materials scientists take an interest in textures, but also physicists, mathematicians, geologists, mechanical engineers and others.

Description: Research and development in the whole area of nanomaterials, including thin films, nanowires, nanocrystals, nano-composites and nanostructured bulk materials, continues to increase year by year. More and more attention is being focused on research which will permit greater control of structures at the nanometer level, in order to ensure that the desired functional properties can be obtained.

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Multifunctional materials are composite systems that exhibit useful responses to electrical, optical, magnetic and/or mechanical stimuli. They allow the compact and economic integration of two or more functions; which can be mechanical, biological, acoustic, thermal, electrical, magnetic, optical or sensory in nature. Functionally graded materials (FGM) are also multi-functional materials, which exhibit spatial variations in composition and/or microstructure; created with the specific purpose of controlling variations in thermal, structural or functional properties. In spite of large differences in the type and size scale of the materials considered, many common features exist, thus furnishing a rationale for grouping these materials together in one book.

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Magnesium, with its very rich reserves within the Earth, is an important engineering material, but has not yet been fully developed and utilized. Given its low density, magnesium has a higher specific strength and stiffness than many other engineering materials: including aluminum, steel and polymer-based composites. Magnesium also offers other attractive properties: such as a high damping capacity, electromagnetic shielding, dimensional stability, and good machinability and recyclability. As a relatively new structural material, magnesium and its alloys have demonstrated a significant potential for applications in many industries: including automobile, 3C (computer, communication and consumer) products, transportation, power-tools/equipment and new energy sources.

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Natural, as well as man-made, materials are often assumed to behave uniformly, exhibiting equal strength in all directions, because most of them have a polycrystalline structure. The anisotropy of the individual crystals, however, is smoothed out only in the presence of a large number of grains having a random distribution of orientations. In reality, there usually remains an anisotropy due to the existence of preferred orientations. Its magnitude depends upon the statistical distribution of grain orientations – the "crystallographic texture" or, more simply, the texture. –This governs the extremes, of the physical property of interest, which a single crystal of the material under consideration can exhibit in directional tests. Local variations in texture, as well as the arrangements and types of grain/phase boundaries, may give rise to inhomogeneous material properties. The texture also carries with it information on the history of a material’s processing, use and misuse. A knowledge of the texture is a prerequisite for all quantitative techniques of materials characterization, and is based upon the interpretation of diffraction-peak intensities. It is also necessary to model the relationships between microstructural features and physical or mechanical properties. Therefore, the texture is of great value for quality control in a wide range of industrial applications, and in basic materials research.

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The book will present materials researchers and users with a wealth of new information covering the entire spectrum of ecology, eco-materials, nano-materials, bio-materials, recycling, environmental protection and energy conversion related materials.