Advanced Engineering Forum Vol. 55

Abstract: Unique properties of wood such as being porous and ability to absorb water and capillary action make it widely used in many applications. It is important to understand how different types of wood absorb water and move it through capillaries when using it in construction or home furniture. This article investigates the water absorption properties, moisture content, and capillarity actions of four common species of wood in Albania: Pine, Fir, Beech, and Oak. The experiment consists of partial and total immersion of the samples in water in order to measure capillarity action in the wood after 12, 24, 36, and 72 hours of partial immersion in water, and water content after the full submersion in water. The moisture content was checked through a specific device every time frame at the highest level of water capillarity. Meanwhile, water intake (absorption) was calculated using the appropriate formula during dry and wet phases, after the total submersion in water. The detailed comparative analysis of the results is elaborated using statistical software like IBM SPSS Statistics 27 and through the graphs elaborated in Microsoft Excel. Beech and Oak were found to absorb and retain more water during both immersion and drying, reflecting their higher moisture retention capacity. However, their low capillarity action suggests that water movement within these woods is limited, likely due to their denser cellular structures. On the other hand, Pine and Fir showed lower moisture retention overall but exhibited higher capillarity, indicating that water moves more easily through their structures. The study investigates the specific anatomical structures they possess and their compositions that determine these features and make them suitable for other purposes. Understanding these distinct properties is essential for choosing the right wood type for construction and design projects, particularly in fluctuating moisture levels.

Abstract: This paper conducted extensive review of extant literature on fusion-based technique for surface modification of austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 grade (304SS) for high temperature self-lubricating application using refractory carbides. Careful systematic review of available literature indicates that among the families of refractory carbides, only silicon carbide (SiC) and titanium carbide (TiC) were successfully adsorbed on the surface of 304SS via fusion melting techniques with TiC having more documentation. Yet, this information was limited to ambient temperature properties of the TiC coatings as such high temperature properties as creep-fatigue, thermal stability, hot corrosion and oxidation were not reported. Additionally, information on the incorporation of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) into TiC coatings to address the high temperature self-lubricating challenges associated with the alloy was not available. Further, literature is scarce on multi-layer longitudinal and transverse coatings to address the challenges inherent with single layer coating. The review established that there is a wide gap in both knowledge and practice in the deposition of self-lubricating high temperature properties in 304SS substrate material using fusion-based technique which offers a window for research exploration.

Abstract: III-V-based multijunction solar cells (MJSCs) are leading technologies in renewable energy due to their high power conversion efficiency; however, high production costs limit their widespread market adoption. This paper presents two recent innovative strategies aimed at enhancing the economic viability of lightweight multijunction solar cells without sacrificing performance. First, an optimization study of the epitaxial lift-off (ELO) process which aims to achieve crack-free, lattice-mismatched multijunction solar cells is discussed. This method not only facilitates the reuse of III-V substrates but also leads to substantial material savings. Then, a novel plateau-multijunction solar cell design is introduced. This strategy minimizes the use of costly III-V material while achieving optimal power conversion efficiency. In a broader context, this article seeks to contribute to the roadmap for making III-V multijunction solar cells more economically feasible, thereby promoting their integration into the renewable energy market, particularly for electric automobile and space applications.

Abstract: In this review paper, the role of nanofluids in enhancing the geologic storage of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is examined, with a focus on their impact on wettability (the ability of liquids to spread on or adhere to surfaces) and storage stability. Recent studies that investigate the effects of various nanofluids, including alumina and silica, on different geologic substrates systematically analyzed. It is highlighted how these nanofluids can reverse the wettability changes that are induced by organic acids, thereby enhancing the hydrophilicity (water-attracting nature) of reservoir rocks and improving the efficiency of CO₂ and H₂ trapping mechanisms (processes that confine these gases within the geological formations). It has been shown that optimal concentrations of nanofluids significantly improve the residual and structural trapping capacities of CO₂. Additionally, the potential of nanofluids to facilitate CO₂ mineralization on shale surfaces is discussed, further contributing to storage security. By synthesizing findings from multiple studies, a comprehensive understanding of the current advancements in nanofluid applications for geologic storage is provided, and key areas for future research to optimize their use in large-scale carbon and hydrogen sequestration projects are identified.

Abstract: This study examined the application of two additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, namely Directed Energy Deposition (DED) and Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), within the oil and gas industry with a special focus on the African context. The research highlights the role of these advanced AM technologies in enhancing efficiency and promoting sustainable industrial practices. It further explores the benefits of DED and L-PBF, such as their ability to produce complex, custom metal components, which is crucial for the African oil and gas sector in reducing downtime and operational costs. Various case studies are presented to demonstrate the practical application and benefits of these technologies in the industry. The study also addresses the challenges of implementing DED and L-PBF in Africa from an industry perspective, including skill development and infrastructural needs, and proposes various solutions. Furthermore, the environmental and economic implications of these technologies are discussed, showcasing their potential to support sustainable practices and drive industrial growth in the region. In conclusion, this paper offers a detailed perspective on the role of DED and L-PBF in revolutionising welding practices in the oil and gas industry, providing insights into the benefits, challenges, and strategies for their effective implementation in Africa.

Abstract: Filling, capping and labeling machines are widely used industrial equipment in the bottling production process. This equipment is designed to automatically fill water or other liquids into bottles and then automatically cap and label the bottles. The machines not only help increase production efficiency but also ensure product consistency and quality. This makes the bottle production and packaging process more efficient and flexible. While there are many automatic filling machines on the market, most of the current models are quite large and have not been optimized to the maximum extent. This report studies the design calculations for an optimized, compact filling machine that integrates as many features as possible. With this research goal, the report focuses on the design and development of an automatic filling, capping and labeling system to improve performance, accuracy and efficiency in the industry while optimizing space utilization.

Abstract: In a hot and dry climate country, performance of a gas turbine power cycle is low. Incorporation of a regenerator in the cycle and a spray cooler before compression of inlet air enhances its performance. Accordingly, this study focuses on the effect of regeneration and cooling of the inlet air on performance of an open cycle gas turbine plant, which mainly includes improvement in its thermal efficiency and reduction in specific fuel consumption. In this context, a suitable mathematical model is developed on the basis of fundamental understanding of thermodynamics and gas turbine relations. This model is then used in simulations by developing a code on Java platform where ambient temperature, pressure ratio and regenerator effectiveness are considered as major system parameters. In the simulation, a comparison among a simple Brayton cycle, a regenerative cycle and a regenerative cycle with spray cooler is considered under different system parameters. It is predicted that there is a significant increase in thermal efficiency and a significant decrease in specific fuel consumption on incorporation of regenerator and spray cooler to the cycle. However, addition of a spray cooler is applicable above an optimal pressure ratio (≈6) and in the high temperature environmental condition. As an example, 12.89% increase in thermal efficiency is found at a regenerator effectiveness of 0.85 on addition of spray cooler before compression of inlet air at an ambient temperature of 328K, and subsequent reduction in specific fuel consumption is found as 2.85% at pressure ratio of 10.

Abstract: In the competitive electric utility market, prioritizing reliability assessment is crucial to meeting customer satisfaction. Distributed generation (DG) is considered the most effective alternative to enhance performance and increase the reliability of the distribution system. In the Jigjiga distribution system, there were problems with overloading, short circuits due to old or damaged electrical devices, improperly allocated distribution transformers, less maintenance, limited protective devices, etc. In this distribution system, there are four 132/33 kV and four 132/15 kV distribution feeders. The two-year period data (2021 and 2022 G.C.) frequency of interruption and duration of interruption data have been collected from the EEU recorded data center for all Jigjiga 33 kV and 15 kV distribution feeders. The reliability of an electric power distribution system at Wuchale's 132/33 kV feeder is evaluated due to its frequent interruptions and long-distance coverage from the supply point. The Wuchale 132/33 kV feeder, serving 2563 customers, includes 54 distribution transformers. This study aims to evaluate the reliability and value of the Wuchale feeder by incorporating distributed generation (DG) using the PSO algorithm for optimal DG allocation. Simulations have been conducted using DigSILENT PowerFactory. The initial reliability indices for the Wuchale feeder were SAIFI = 200.38, SAIDI = 6441.13, CAIDI = 32.143, ASAI = 0.264, and ASUI = 0.735, exceeding the Ethiopian standard of SAIFI = 20 and SAIDI = 25. After optimal distribution generation allocation, the indices improved significantly to SAIFI = 17, SAIDI = 28, CAIDI = 1.647, ASAI = 0.996, and ASUI = 0.003. This integration of DG reduced the SAIFI and CAIDI indices by 82% and 90%, respectively. The proposed solution also resulted in an annual savings of 6,071,335.2 ETB from unsold energy, with a payback period of 6.45 years. The PSO algorithm identified buses 3, 14, and 45 for distributed generation allocation.

Abstract: Food Layered Manufacturing (FLM) integrates additive manufacturing with culinary arts to meet the growing demand for personalized and sustainable food solutions. This technique allows for the precise deposition of edible materials in layers, creating complex and custom food structures with desired shapes, textures, flavours, and nutritional profiles. The research explores the potential of 3D printing technology to create sustainable and nutritious food products using Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY), Butterfly Pea Flower (BPF), and beetroot (BR). By optimizing printing parameters such as composition ratios, nozzle height, printing speed, nozzle diameter and extrusion rates, we aim to develop a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for food production. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using these plant-based inks in 3D printing, highlighting their potential to enhance food security and reduce waste. Additionally, FLM offers transformative potential in the food industry, enabling the creation of customized and nutritious foods with precision. This research delves into the technological aspects, material properties, nutritional implications, and future prospects of 3D-printed plant-based foods. The goal is to establish additive manufacturing as an eco-friendly and sustainable solution for personalized nutrition and food production.

Abstract: Welding operations are known for high safety risk which requires urgent identification and prevention before they result in huge negative impacts on the nations’ gross domestic product, organizations, workers and the environment. This research aimed at developing a human factor engineering model that support loss prevention in welding industry by assessing the impact of human factors on incident frequency and safety performance in Nigerian Oil and Gas industry. The study was carried out using coded skilled welders who had at least two years’ experience and above. Descriptive study design with structured questionnaire was used for data collection and Satistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 Structural equation modelling software for data analysis. The results revealed that Pearson’s correlation coefficient between human factors and safety performance were statistically significant with a p-values of -0.45, 0.72, -0.50, 0.77 and 0.32 for workplace, task, personal, organizational and design factors respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between human factors and incident frequency and fatality rates were 0.64, -0.55, 0.71, -0.89, and -0.45 for workplace, task, personal, organizational and design factors respectively. The structural equation regression model showed that human factors and safety performance was statistically significant with a path coefficient of -0.733, 0.860, -0.615, 0.616 and 0.430 for personal, organizational, workplace, design and task factors respectively. The structural equation regression model showed that human factors and incident frequency was statistically significant with a path coefficient of 0.59, -0.79, 0.63, -0.60 and -0.31 for personal, organizational, workplace, design and task factors respectively.The research concluded that engineered human factors would lead to improved safety performance, structural integrity and reduction in incident frequency rate. The study recommended that national, international agencies, government, professional bodies and companies should focus on human factor engineering in delivering products with structural integrity, boost performance and reduce lost time injuries and occupational diseases.