Advanced Materials Research Vols. 1073-1076

Abstract: Water is an important guarantee of sustaining life and social economic development. However, at present, our country is faced with more and more problems about water resources, such as water shortage and water pollution. Thus, it brings a chance to hydrological model for research, development and application, and it is also a huge challenge. HSPF model belongs to the distributed hydrological model, based on the meteorological and hydrological data, it can mainly simulate the water quality of natural water system and be used to predict the long-term effects that human activities on water, sand and agricultural chemicals, such as soil erosion and non-point source pollution. This paper mainly introduces the concept of hydrological model, watershed hydrological model, the software BASINS, the watershed hydrological model HSPF and the process mechanism of model building that include data processing and model testing, at the same time, it also introduces the calibration method of model certainty, including the manual adjusting parameter and the calibration standard. Finally, the article also discusses the problems about the uncertainty of the model, and gives some suggestions.

Abstract: Reclaimed water can effectively alleviate the water crisis which is the second water source of city. The functional relations in cost price, demand and transportation of the reclaimed water using are determined by the method of cost-plus which is based on the premise that the funds of reclaimed water network construction should be recovered. The users are divided into different groups according to the distance between the user and the water recycling. According to the demand diversity in different users, a complex tiered pricing model is established which is relevant of water requirement and the distance of conveyance. Finally, taking the Second Sewage Treatment Plant in Xi'an as an example, the water price of the user - the western suburbs Power Plant of Xi'an is calculated using this model. The result is consistent with the actual situation, which can verify the accuracy and usefulness of this article pricing model. All of these have provided a theoretical basis for the development of the market price of recycled water.

Abstract: This paper is committed to analyze the results of numerical simulation in the dam foundation seepage field of Guxue concrete gravity dam with the finite element method. The results show that the cutoff wall depth of the Guxue dam foundation seriously impacts the seepage effect of cutoff wall. The cutoff wall initially becomes deeper, the reduction of seepage discharge is distinct to reach 24%, as the depth increases gradually, the seepage discharge reduces slowly and can only reach 7%. In a word, the cutoff wall depth of Guxue concrete gravity dam exists a reasonable value and the numerical result is15m in this paper.

Abstract: Liugou river in Huanghe river of Lanzhou located in Yuzhong County , the paper via instantaneous unit method, formula method were carried out to its hundred years flood flow Estimating through storm information, Liu Gou come once in a century design flood flow should be 380 m3 / s, can provide a reference for subsequent projects.

Abstract: In order to research the mechanical mechanism of plants anti-erosion and provide some basis to screen windbreak and soil-reinforcement specie for wind and water complex erosion area. This research selected Caragana microphylla Lam, Salix psammophila C.wang et Ch.Y.Yang, Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch and Hippophae rhamnides Linn four kinds of soil and water conservation plants of Inner Mongolia Ordos as the research object. During the period of spring gale, thirteen indicators (single shrub reduce wind velocity ration, shelterbelt reduce wind velocity ration, community reduce wind velocity ration, taproots tensile strength, represented root constitutive properties, represented root elasticity modulus, lateral roots branch tensile strength, accumulation surface area, root-soil interface sheer strength, interface friction coefficient, length of accumulative root, root-soil composite cohesive, root-soil composite equivalent friction angle) of foliage windbreak and root mechanical properties were evaluated by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed the index of windbreak and soil-reinforcement were in the sequence of Salix psammophila C.wang et Ch.Y.Yang (0.84) > Caragana microphylla Lam (0.45) > Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch (-0.47) > Hippophae rhamnides Linn (-0.83). Therefore, Salix psammophila C.wang et Ch.Y.Yang could be regarded as the important anti-erosion specie for wind erosion area.

Abstract: Long-term experiment of Gongzhuling base for the study through three treatments(1)NPK: NPK fertilizer; (2)N165M: Manure and NPK fertilizer; (3)1.5M+NPK: 1.5Manure and NPK fertilizer, used DSSAT-Century soil model to study the long-term effects of different fertilizer treatments on soil organic carbon, total nitrogen content and the laws of growth and decline. The results show that: long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer can significantly improve crop yields compare with NPK.. Corn production is also affected by climatic conditions, especially in drought years with less precipitation. Larger impact of organic manure on soil organic carbon (SOC)and total nitrogen, SOC content obtained in descending order of 1.5M + N165> N165> N0 by Century model simulation. Soil organic carbon content and nitrogen content has a certain relevance, and the trend is consistent. Organic manure and inorganic fertilizer can significantly reduce soil inorganic nitrogen content and reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching. Through model simulations C / N ratio could be explained: C / N increases indicated an increase of organic carbon faster than organic nitrogen in soil, and changes of soil chronic library SOM2 determined organic carbon content. Therefore we should pay attention to organic manure carbon return level, vigorously promote the use of farmyard manure to improve soil nutrient content.

Abstract: The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was examined for its applicability in modeling stream-flow and nutrients (total nitrogen, TN and total phosphorus, TP) in Ashi River Basin, China covering an area of 3545 km². This model was calibrated by using the observed data of monthly flow during 1996-2005 and nutrients (TN and TP) during 2006-2008, and validated by using the observed data of monthly flow during 2006-2010 and water quality during 2009-2010. For stream-flow, the monthly results of RE, R² and E_NS values reached 6.42%, 0.61 and 0.59 respectively for calibration period, whereas these were-12.83%, 0.69 and 0.67, respectively for validation period; for TN calibration, values of RE, R² and E_NS were-18.33%, 0.64 and 0.55 respectively, and for validation period they were-17.34%, 0.68 and 0.57 respectively; for TP calibration, values of RE, R² and E_NS were-4.32%, 0.61 and 0.56 respectively, and for validation period they were-18.02%, 0.67 and 0.58 respectively. Results show that SWAT has applicability in modeling stream-flow and nutrients (TN and TP) in cold and flat area.

Abstract: Riparian buffer zones (RBZ) plays important roles in the quality of surface water, the width and the connection of RBZ are related with the pollution removal effect. This paper evaluates the RBZ conditions in the basin of Xiquanyan reservoir which is an alternative drinking water supply reservoir. Using the software of ENVI to extract the RBZ distribution map from the image of Landsat 8; GIS and Fragstats were used to evaluate the status of RBZ. Divide the basin of Xiquanyan reservoir in to four divisions. The river lengthy, areas, average width of RBZ, SD, AI, and CONTAG were identified in each division. The result shows: (1) The total area of RBZ in the basin of Xiquanyan reservoir is adequate; however, the distribution of RBZ is uneven, part of it is too large, part of it is too small; (2) the connection of RBZ is good in part of the basin, it needs to improve the quality in the fourth division, western part of the Xiquanyan reservoir.

Abstract: Trend of water vapor transports in the Three Rivers’ Headstream region (China) during 1971-2010 was analyzed based on the applicability analysis of the NCEP/NCAR I reanalysis data in contrast to two kind of data: the daily wind and specific humidity of the R1 data, and the radiosonde data in and around the region. The results show that the meridional water vapor fluxes in the region decreased significantly, causing the net water vapor budget decreasing. The decadal variations of water vapor fluxes in the 1970s and 1980s are relatively smaller than those in the 1990s and 2000s. During 1971-2010, the water vapor budget showed an obvious decreasing trend in spring, summer and autumn, while no significant trend in winter. Overall, the water vapor transport into the region decreased significantly, especially in July and September, which had adverse impacts on precipitation formation.

Abstract: To explore the biochemical changes of tilapia fillets during iced storage, contents of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its degradation products were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), along with ATPase and the freshness indicators such as the values of K, K_i, H, F_r, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were determined to evaluate the quality of iced tilapia fillets. The results showed that ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in iced tilapia fillets degraded sharply into inosine monophosphate (IMP) at the first day of storage, then almost kept stable in a low level over the rest of iced storage time. Meanwhile, IMP degraded into hypoxantjine (Hx) and inosine (HxR) with the extending storage time, and Hx as well as HxR accumulated. The changes of values of K, K_i, H, F_r with iced storage time presented a significant linear correlation (P<0.01, r=0.945, 0.943, 0.924, -0.943, respectively). ATPase activities were associated with the degradation of ATP. The contents of IMP, Hx, HxR, values of K, K_i, H, F_r and ATPase activities can be used as practical and effective indicators for quality assessment of tilapia fillets during iced storage instead of TVB-N and TBA.