Advanced Materials Research Vol. 1162

Abstract: This research has been made a simple method for the detection of potassium iodate (KIO₃) in a kitchen salt using cassava starch (Manihot esculenta). The process of making this test kits using acid solvent as the reagent, KIO₃ solution, and indicator of cassava starch. The used cassava starch is in two conditions are dry starch for H₂SO₄ and wet starch for H₃PO₄. Based on the two solvents are then made a standard color series based on KIO₃ levels of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm. Validation of this method has analyzed using Spectrophotometer UV-Vis. From the results of this analysis obtained calibration curve of each standard with both solvent. Coefficients determination for linearity using H₃PO₄ and H₂SO₄ solution is 0.9874 and 0.9656. From that results from the H₃PO₄ solution applied to the detection of potassium iodate (KIO₃) in a kitchen salt using cassava starch (Manihot esculenta) with a concentration in the range 30-40 ppm.

Abstract: The research on the effect of treatment of salt for food-grade using activated carbon has done. The purified salt in this study was obtained from the Bringharjo market, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The purification of salt has been done using activated carbon with various weights are 2.5, 3, 4 g. Other chemicals used as a material to remove impurities are Na₂C₂O₄ and Na₂CO₃. Activated carbon 2.5 g was the salt product with the level of NaCl is 97.28%. Metal content of the Mg, Ca, Pb, and Cd in salt are 0.02%, 0.019%, 10.33 mg/kg, and 2.055 mg/kg, respectively. As a conclusion is, salt produced with treatment using activated carbon can be used for food grade.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the impact of VCO and castor oil compositions on the physicochemical properties of liquid soap from patikan kebo (Euphorbia hirta) extract and compare it with the marketed liquid hand-soap. The liquid hand-soap was manufactured by adding patikan kebo extract with VCO and castor oil as fatty acid sources. The concentration of VCO and castor oil were varied in 5 formula with ratio 1 : 0, 3 : 1, 1 : 1, 1 : 3, and 0 : 1 of 200 mL of soap perspectively. Several tests such as organoleptic inspection, homogeneity, density, viscosity, foam volume and stability, pH, insoluble materials, free fatty acids, total active ingredients, and total plate number, were performed to determine the physicochemical properties of prepared handsoap. The results of the five formulas were known to the greater VCO the higher the viscosity and percent height of foam, the greater the castor oil the higher the value of specific gravity The five liquid soap formulas produced meet the requirements of SNI 2588-2017. The second liquid soap formula with a ratio of VCO and castor oil 3: 1 was declared to be the best product with free fatty acid 0.78%, pH 8.31, total active ingredient 24.3%, ethanol insoluble material 0.29%, specific gravity 1.09 g/mL, foam high stability 82.85%, and no colonies in testing the Total Plate Figures. It can be concluded that variations in the concentration of VCO and castor oil may affect the physicochemical properties of liquid soap for hand washing extracted from Patikan kebo.

Abstract: A novel, highly active and effective adsorbent has been developed using solid state mixing method of natural bentonite and CaO. The so called CaO/bentonite nanocomposite was determined the optimum heating temperature and bentonite-to-CaO ratio to enhance the quality of patchouli oil by purification process technology. The adsorbents were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, GSA and TG/DTA. The total acid value of patchouli oil was determined by using KOH. The test method to determine physical and chemical properties of patchouli oil in Indonesia has been set nationally through SNI 06-2385-2006. A significant decrease in acid value of patchouli oil (from 5.42 to 0.34 mg KOH/g oil) was observed after purification of patchouli oil over CaO/bentonite-300 (20:80) nanocomposite. After patchouli oil purification over CaO/bentonite-300 (20:80), the concentration of patchouli alcohol (PA) was increased from 33.08 to 34.82%, while Fe content was decreased from 4.25 to 1.56 ppm.

Abstract: Textile materials generally have intrinsic properties, such as flexibility, light volume density, strength, tenacity, comfort and softness. Based on these characteristics, the textile material is generally given a special additional function, such as hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties. The addition of these special functions to the textile industry is generally using conventional wet methods that require more energy and water as well as more chemicals need and expensive price. Plasma technology is one of the dry process technologies and it can reduce the use of chemicals that can pollute the environment. This article describes the application of atmospheric plasma corona discharge technology in the textile sector, especially its use in modifying wetting properties on the surface of polyester cotton (TC) 70%. The results showed that by varying the time of plasma treatment on 70% TC cotton polyester fabric with density of weft and warp respectively 70 strands / inch and 60 strands / inch we found that there was a change in the wetting properties of the fabric with increasing hydrophilic properties of the fabric. SEM images show the example of morphology of cotton polyester fabric surfaces treated with time of exposure by plasma at one minute (60 s) at 3 kV of output voltage as the optimal exposure time and applied voltage to enhance the wetting properties.

Abstract: In this study, quarternary ammonium salts based on triethylammonium and benzyltriethylammonium cations with the anion of chloride are successfully used for giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper) preservation. These salts are new biocides as well as new salts which penetrate bamboo well. The prepared salts with hydrogen and benzyl substituent at the cation and consisted of chloride anion, exhibited fungicidal activity against Aspergillus Flavus. The effective and lethal doses were measured by the agar-plate method. In their activity against bamboo degrading fungi, salt of benzyl-triethyl-ammonium chloride was comparable with commercially available benzalkonium chloride and didecyldimethylammonium. Keywords: Triethylammonium, Benzyltriethylammonium, chloride, antifungal, and giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper) and Aspergillus Flavus

Abstract: Reverse co-precipitation (RCP) in ambient atmosphere is one of the strategies to produce magnetite nanoparticles in a rapid, simple, and cost-effective synthesis route without applying temperature surfactants or inert gases. However, RCP of ferrous/ferric blended salt in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution in an oxidizing medium produced of maghemite as a dominant phase rather than magnetite because of the oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺ happened. Based on this background, an oil membrane layer-assisted reverse co-precipitation approach has been examined to synthesis of magnetite in ambient atmosphere at room temperature. The result showed that although addition of benzene as an oil membrane layer was effective to prevent oxidation of magnetite to maghemite, but the magnetite particle size for the samples from the oil membrane layer-assisted reverse co-precipitation method was much larger than that from a reverse co-precipitation method without addition of oil membrane layer.

Abstract: Raw oil palm fronds (OPF-R) converted into biochar (OPF-B) by torrefaction processes at temperatures range of 200 °C to 300 °C. This study aims to evaluate OPF-B performance to reduce iron ions in artificial solutions and peat water. Batch adsorption carried out at room temperature by stirring (175 rpm) using an orbital shaker. Some parameters observed included optimum torrefaction temperature, optimum conditions of Fe ions adsorption (optimum pH and contact time) and sorption isotherm. Metal content measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Functional groups on material surface characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR). Torrefaction at 260 °C produces biochar with the highest efficiency in removing iron ions. Both functional groups C=O and C-O attributed to lignocellulose on OPF-B were diminished and absorption band of aromatic (C=C) increased which caused by torrefaction. The optimum conditions for removal of Fe ions at pH 5 and 30 minutes contact time. Adsorption process follows the Langmuir Isotherm which indicates the formation of a monolayer with q_max 111.11 mg/g. Amount of 0.025 g OPF-B able to reduce iron concentration from 13.960 mg/L to 0.746 mg/L in 100 mL peat water (has complied with Indonesian clean water standard for iron concentration).

Abstract: The objectives of this study are to investigate the influence of concentration variation of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and to remove a heavy metal in liquid waste of the activated carbon. The raw material of activated carbon was obtained from pineapple crown waste. Pineapple crowns pre-carbonized at 180 ^oC for 1 hour. Chemical activation was carried out using KOH with concentration 2M, 3M, and 4M for 20 hours at 30 ^oC and temperature 60 ^oC for 2 hours. Microwave irradiation was conducted at 630 Watt of output power for 15 minutes. The physical properties of activated carbon were characterized using scanning electron microscopy to determine surface morphology of activated carbon, X-ray diffraction to calculated microstructure (i.e. interlayer spacing and microcrystalline dimension) using Bragg’s and Scherer’s equations, specific surface area was calculated from N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm using BET equation, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) identify the functional groups of activated carbon, and heavy metals absorption was tested using atomic adsorption spectrophotometric. The highest surface area of activated carbon is 300,901 m²/g for activated carbon with concentration 2M corresponding to the highest stack height (L_c) of activated carbon of 10,470 nm. The carbon chain structure shows the functional groups C-H, C≡C, O-H, C-OH, and CH₂ at wavenumbers of 2889,49 cm^-1, 2360,97 cm^-1, 2339,97 cm^-1, and 998,21 cm^-1, respectively.