Paper Titles

Effect of Quantum Dots Dispersion on the Structural, Optical, and Thermal Properties of Liquid Crystal System
p.33

Effect of Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharge on Optical, Electrical and Surface Properties of ZnO Film
p.43

Light Induced Synthesis of Ag Nanorods for Potential Application as Optical Filter Tailored to Visible Domain
p.53

Transition from Reflective to Energy-Storing Self-Illumination in Road Markings: A Review
p.63

Structural, Thermal, and Magnetic Characterization Analysis of Synthesized Fe₃O₄-Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles
p.79

Possibilities of Artificial Muscles Using Dielectric Elastomers and their Applications
p.99

Structural and Dielectric Characterization of Nanocrystalline BaWO₄
p.119

Analysis of a Vacuum-Infused Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composite Beam under 3-Point Bending
p.131

Optimization of Machining Variables of Inconel 800 Alloy in CNC Face Milling Using TiAlN and TiAlN-TiN Coated Inserts
p.139

HomeAdvanced Materials ResearchAdvanced Materials Research Vol. 1176Possibilities of Artificial Muscles Using...

Possibilities of Artificial Muscles Using Dielectric Elastomers and their Applications

Article Preview

Abstract:

The recent developments in dielectric elastomers (DE) are spectacular. Currently, a DE as an actuator, 0.15 g of acrylic sandwiching SWCNT electrodes, is capable of lifting a weight of 8 kg by more than 1 mm at a speed of 88 msec. In the near future, DE motors could be used to drive electric vehicles. Moreover, the DE can be used as a high-efficiency sensor with the same structure. With a diameter of 20 mm and a thickness of 0.5 mm, it can accurately measure pressure from several kg to 150 kg. In addition, reversing this DE actuator (DEA) movement also enables high-efficiency power generation. In other words, when the DEA is stretched or pushed, it generates electric power. Single wall nanotubes (SWCNTs) were used as an electrode, and an acrylic DE power generation cartridge with a diameter of 80 mm was used. When the center of the DE power generation cartridge is pushed by about 15 mm, a power of 33.6 mJ is generated. Using these two DE cartridges, it was possible to charge a secondary battery through a DC converter. In addition to this power generator, practical research and development of power generation using wave power, wind power, waste heat, and fluids (ocean currents, water currents, etc.) is progressing. In this paper, we have described state-of-the-art DEAs, DE generators (including the case that the power generated locally by microgenerators are consumed locally), and DE sensors and explained their usefulness.

You might also be interested in these eBooks

Functional and Special Materials

Info:

Periodical:

Advanced Materials Research (Volume 1176)

Pages:

99-117

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-jj7z4z

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

April 2023

Authors:

Seiki A. Chiba*, Mikio Waki, Makoto Takeshita, Kazuhiro Ohyama

Keywords:

Actuator, Dielectric Elastomer, Generator, High Efficiency, Hight Power, Renewable Energy, Sensor

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2023 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

[1] W. Roentgen, About the Change in Shape and Volume of Dielectrics Cased by　Electricity, Ann. Phys. Chem., 11(1880) 771-788.

[2] A. Katchalsky, Rapid swelling and deswelling of reversible gels of polymeric acid by ionization. Experimentia, 5 (1949) 19-320.

DOI: 10.1007/bf02172636

[3] S. Chiba, M. Waki, Evolving Dielectric Elastomer Artificial Muscle (Detailed Explanation of Artificial Muscle Actuators, Sensors and High-Efficiency Power Generation: From Principles to Latest Application Trends), 1st ed., Book Editor: S. Chiba, And Tech Corporation, Tokyo, Japan, July, 2016, ISBN:978-4-9907931-9-7

DOI: 10.1115/1.0001183v

[4] K. Oguro, N. Fujiwara, K. Asaka, K. Onishi, S. Sewa, Polymer electrolyte actuator with gold electrodes, Proc. 3669, Smart Structures and Materials: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices, 28 May 1999, Newport Beach, CA, USA; doi.org.

DOI: 10.1117/12.349698

[5] K. Takagi, Polymer Actuators and Science for Soft Robotics, The Robotics Society of Japan, 37, 1 (2019) 38-41, doi.org/.

DOI: 10.7210/jrsj.37.38

[6] T. Otero, J. Sansiñena, J., Soft and wet conducting polymers for artificial muscles, 1998, Advanced Materials 10 (1998) 6, 491-494.

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(199804)10:6<491::aid-adma491>3.0.co;2-q

[7] Osada, Y., Okuzai, H., Hori, H, A polymer gel with electrically driven motility, Nature, 355 (1992) 242-244.

DOI: 10.1038/355242a0

[8] R. Pelrine, S. Chiba, Review of Artificial Muscle Approaches, In Proc. of Third Intl Symposium on Micromachine and Human Science (Invited), Nagoya, Japan, 1992, pp.1-9.

[9] R. Pelrine, R. Kornbluh, J. Joseph, R. Hetdit, S. Chiba, High-field defomation of elasomeric dielectrics for actuators, In Proc. 6th SPIE Symposium on Smart Structure and Materials, Newport Beach, CA, USA, 3669(1999) 149-161.

[10] R. Baughman, C. Cui, A. Zakhhidov, J. Barisci, G. Sprinks, G. Wallace, A. Mazzoldi, D. Rossi, A. Rinzler, O. Jaschinski, S. Roth, M. Kertesz, Carbon Nanotube Actuators, Science 284 (1999) 1340-1344

DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5418.1340

[11] B. Gross, Experiments on Electrets, Phys, 66 (1944) 26.

[12] Y. Kurita, F. Sugihara, J. Ueda, T. Ogasawara, MRI Compatible Robot Gripper Large-Strain Piezoelectric Actuator, The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 76-761 (2010), 132-141.

DOI: 10.1299/kikaic.76.132

[13] P. Chou, B. Hannaford, Static and dynamic characteristics of mckibben pneumatic artificial muscles, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, San Diego, CA, (1994) 281-286.

DOI: 10.1109/robot.1994.350977

[14] G. Smots, New developments in photochromic polymers, 1995, J. Polymers Science, Polymers Chemistry, 13 (1995) 2223.

[15] H. Tobushi, S. Hayashi, S. Kojima, 1992, Mechanical Properties of Shape Memory Polymer of Polyurethane Series, in JSME International J., Series 1, 35 (1992) 3.

DOI: 10.1299/jsmea1988.35.3_296

[16] Y. Bar-Cohen, Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles – Reality Potential and Challenges, 1st edition, ed. Y. Bar-Cohen, SPIE Press (2001).

DOI: 10.1117/3.547465.ch21

[17] B. Ratna, D. Thomsen, P. Keller, Liquid crystalline elastomers as artificial muscles: role of side chain-backbone coupling, Proc., Smart Structure and Materials, Newport Beach, CA, USA; 4329 (2001).

DOI: 10.1117/12.432651

[18] H. Tomori, T. Nakamura, Theoretical Comparison of Mckibben-Type Artificial Muscle and novel Straight-Fiber-Type Artificial Muscle, Int. J. Automation Technology, 5, 4 (2011) 544.

DOI: 10.20965/ijat.2011.p0544

[19] Carpi, F.; Anderson, I.; Bauer, B.; Frediani Gallone, G.; Gei, M.; Graaf, C. Standards for dielectric transducers. Smart Mater. Struct. 2015, 24, 105025.

DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/24/10/105025

[20] S. Chiba. M. Kobayashi, T. Qu, S. Zhu, M. Waki, M. Takeshita, K. Ohyama, Examination of factors to improve the elongation and output of dielectric elastomers, In Proc. SPIE 12042, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD)XXIV, 1204211, Virtual, Online, 20 April 2022; doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2603716

[21] P. Hu, J. Madsen, A. Skov, Super-stretchable silicone elastomer applied in low voltage actuators, Proc. SPIE 11587, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIII, 1158715, Virtual, Online, (22 March 2021).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2581476

[22] P. Hu, Q. Huang, J. Madsen, A. Skov, Soft silicone elastomers with no chemical cross-linking and unprecedented softness and stability, Proc. SPIE 11375, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXII, 1137517, Virtual, Online, (24 April 2020);

DOI: 10.1117/12.2557003

[23] S. Jayatissa, V. Shim, I. Anderson, R. Rosset, Optimization of prestretch and actuation stretch of a DEA-based cell stretcher, 2022, Proc. of SPIE 11375-50, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXII, Virtual, Online, 22-26, 11375-50 (2020).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2558981

[24] K. Kumamoto, T. Hayashi, Y. Yonehara, M. Okui, T. Nakamura, Development of Development of a locomotion robot using deformable dielectric elastomer actuator without pre-stretch, Proc. SPIE 11375, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXII, Virtual, Online, 1137509 (2020).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2558422

[25] S. Sikulskyi, R. Zefu, S. Govindarajan, D. Mekonnen, F. Madiyar, D. Kim, D., Additively manufactured unimorph dielectric elastomer actuators with ferroelectric particles for enhanced low-voltage actuation, Proc. SPIE 12042, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIV, Long Beach, California, USA, 120420W (2022).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2613128

[26] L. Romasanta, M. López-Manchado, R. Verdejo, Increasing the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators: A review from the materials perspective, Progress in Polymer Science, 51 (2015): 188-211.

DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.08.002

[27] E. Hajiesmaili, D. Clarke, Dielectric elastomer actuators, Journal of Applied Physics, 129.15 (2021) 151102.

DOI: 10.1063/5.0043959

[28] S. Chiba, M. Waki, S. Zhu, T. Qu, K. Ohyama, Improvement of Elastomer Elongation and Output for Dielectric Elastomers, InTech, (2021).

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99713

[29] F. Albuquerque, Influencing the mean-time-to-failure of single-layer uniaxially pre-stretched silicone-based DEAs, Proc. SPIE 12042, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIV, 1204206 (2022).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2611165

[30] M. Carmel, Enhancing the permittivity of dielectric elastomers with liquid metal, Proc. of SPIE, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXII, Virtual, Online, 11375-15 (2020).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2558951

[31] H. Liebscher, M. Tahir, S. Wiebner, G. Gerlach, Effect of barium titanate particle filler on the performance of polyurethane-based dielectric elastomer actuators, 2022, Proc. SPIE 12042, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIV, Long beach, California, USA, 1204210 (2022).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2612354

[32] R. Kornbluh, D. Flamm, H. Prahlad, K. Nashold, S. Chhokar, R. Pelrine, D. Huestis, D. Simons, D. Cooper, D. Watters, Shape Control of Large Lightweight Mirrors with Dielectric Elastomer Actuation, In book: Smart Materials, (2021) 61-82.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-70514-5_3

[33] S. Chiba, M. Waki, M., Recent Advances in Wireless Communications and Networks, Wireless Communication Systems, Chapter 20, pp.435-454, InTech, (2011).

DOI: 10.5772/19015

[34] J. Kunze, Prechtl, D. Bruch, S. Nalbach, P. Motzki, Z. Mechatronik, S. Seelecke, Design and fabrication of silicone-based dielectric elastomer rolled actuators for soft robotic, applications, Proc. of SPIE, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXII, Virtual, Online, 11375-80 (2020).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2558444

[35] S. Chiba, M. Waki, K. Fujita, K. Ono, Y. Takikawa, R. Hatano, S. Tanak, The challenge of controlling a small Mars exploration plane, In Proc. of SPIE, (Smart Structures and Materials Symposium and its 22nd Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) Conference), Virtual, Online, 1137506 (2020).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2551042

[36] S. Chiba, Dielectric Elastomers, Soft actuators, 2nd Edition, Springer Nature, Chapter 14, (2019).

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6850-9

[37] Mad Catz Stereo Headset F.R.E.Q.4D Black with Bayer Vivi Touch technology, www.youtube.com/madcatzcompany.

[38] S. Chiba, M. Waki, Innovative power generator using dielectric elastomers (creating the foundations of an environmentally sustainable society), Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 15 (2020), 100205, Elsevier; doi:10.1016/j. scp2019.100205.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2019.100205

[39] S. Chiba, M. Waki, R. Kormbluh, R. Pelrine, Innovative Power Generators for Energy Harvesting Using Electroactive Polymer Artificial Muscles, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD), ed. Y. Bar-Cohen, Proc. SPIE, San Diego, California, 6927, 692715 (1-9), 2008, doi:10.1117,12.778345.

DOI: 10.1117/12.778345

[40] S. Chiba, M. Waki, T. Wada, Y. Hirakawa, K. Masuda, T. Ikoma, Consistent ocean wave energy harvesting using electroactive polymer (dielectric elastomer) artificial muscle generators, Applied Energy, Elsevier, 104 (2013), 497-502, ISSN 0306-2619.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.052

[41] S. Chiba, M. Waki, Method for Manufacturing Dielectric Elastomer Transducer, Japanese Patent Application No.2021-208150

[42] S. Chiba, M. Waki, M. Takeshita, M. Uesjima, K. Arakawa, Dielectric elastomer using CNT as an electrode, Proc. of SPIE 11375, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXII, Virtual, Online, 113751C (2020).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2548512

[43] C. Saint-Aubin, S. Rosset, S. Schlatter, H. Shea, High-cycle electromechanical aging of dielectric elastomer actuators with carbon-based electrodes, Smart Mareirals and Structure, 27, 1(2018).

DOI: 10.1088/1361-665X/aa9f45

[44] M. Dickey, Liquid metals for functional polymers and soft devices, Proc. of SPIE 11375, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXII, Virtual, Online, 113750P, (2020);.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2558674

[45] S. Chiba, M. Maki, Dielectric elastomer sensor capable of measuring large deformation and pressure, InTech, (2022);.

[46] S. Chiba, M. Waki, C. Jiang, M. Takeshita, M., Uejima, K. Arakawa, K. Ohyama, The Possibility of a High-Efficiency Wave Power Generation System using Dielectric Elastomers, Energies, 14 (2021), 3414;.

DOI: 10.3390/en14123414

[47] F. Albuquerque, H. Shea, Effect of humidity, temperature, and elastomer material on the lifetime of silicone-based dielectric elastomer actuators under a constant DC electric field (Conference Presentation), Proc. of SPIE 11375, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXII, Virtual, Online, 113751E, (2020);.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2558428

[48] R. Kornbluh, R. Pelrine, H. Prahlad, A. Wong-F, B. McCoy, K. Kim, J. Eckerle, T. Low, Promises and Challenge of dielectric elastomer energy harvesting, Electroactivity in polymeric Materials, (2012) 67-93.

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0878-9_3

[49] S. Chiba, M. Waki, K. Ono, K. R. Hatano, Y. Taniyama, S. Tanaka, E. Okada, K. Ohyama, Challenge of creating high performance dielectric elastomers. In Proceedings of the SPIE2021 (Smart Structures and Materials Symposium and its 23rd Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIII, Virtual, Online, 115871T (2021), 1157–1162;.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2581255

[50] S. Chiba, Dielectric elastomer (DE) actuators, In book, Soft actuator materials, compositions, and applied technologies, S&T Publishing, (2016) 93-101, ISBN978-4-907002-61-9.

[51] M. Hoffmann, G. Moretti, K. Flaßkamp, Multi-objective optimal control for energy extraction and lifetime maximisation in dielectric elastomer wave energy converters, Science, IFAC-PapersOnline, 55-20 (2022) 546-551.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.09.152

[52] S. Chiba, M. Waki, Rotation Drive Mechanism, Japan Patent Application No.2022-083319, and PCT /JP2021 /012333.

[53] C. Briggs, G. Kaiser, Y. Sporidis, P. Vicars, L. Rasmussen, M. Browers, A. Dogrucu, M. Ppovic, A. Zong, Sensitive and robust electroactive polymer tactile pressure sensors and shape-morphing actuation for robotic grippers, Proc. of SPIE 12042, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIV, Online, 120420I (2022); doi:10.1117 /12.2607779.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2607779

[54] H. Böse, J. Liu, Smart elastomer based liquid level sensors with capacitive and resistive measurement principles, Proc. of SPIE 11375, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXII, Virtual, Online, 113750S (2020), doi:10.1117 /12.2557854.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2557854

[55] R. Venkatraman, R. Kaaya, H. Tchipoque, K. Cuff, R. Asmatulu, R. Amick, Z. Chen, Design, fabrication, and characterization of dielectric elastomer actuator enabled cuff compression device, Proc. of SPIE 12042, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIV, Long Beach, California, USA, 1204205 (2022), doi:10.1117 /12.2613250.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2613250

[56] L. Agostini,　E. Monari, M. Caselli, R. Vertechy, Multidirectional hemispherical dielectric elastomer proximity sensor for collision avoidance in Human-Robot Interaction applications, Proc. of SPIE 12042, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXIV, Long Beach, California, USA, 1204202 (2022), doi:10.1117.2612864.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2612864

[57] C. Larson, J. Spjut, R. Knep, R. Shepherd, A Deformable Interface for Human Touch Recognition Using Stretchable Carbon Nanotube Dielectric Elastomer Sensors and Deep Neural Networks, Soft Robotics, 6 – 5 (2019), doi.org/ 10.1089 /soro. 2018.0086.

DOI: 10.1089/soro.2018.0086

[58] C. Briggs, G. Kaiser, Y. Sporidis, R. Vicars, L. Rasmussen, M. Bowers, A. Dogrucu, M. Popovic, A. Zhong, Sensitive and robust electroactive polymer tactile pressure sensors and shape-morphing actuation for robotic grippers, In Proceedings, SPIE Smart Structure and Material + Nondestructive Evaluation, Long Beach, California, UAS, 1204201 (2022), doi. Org/.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2607779

[59] S. Chiba, M. Waki, Possibility of a Portable Power Generator Using Dielectric Elastomers and a Charging System for Secondary Batteries, Energies 2022, 15, 5854;.

DOI: 10.3390/en15165854

[60] S. Chiba, M. Waki, K. Ohyama, High-performance moisture sensors applying dielectric elastomer, Proc. SPIE 11587 Electroactive Polymer Actuators and devices (EAPAD) XXIII, Virtual, Online, 115871W, (2021);.

DOI: 10.1117/12.2581335

[61] S. Koh, X. Zhao, Z. Suo, Maximal Energy That Can Be Converted by a Dielectric Elastomer Generator, Applied Physics Letters, 94, 262902 (2009).

DOI: 10.1063/1.3167773

[62] P. Brouchu, H. Li, X. Niu, X., Q. Pei, Factors Influencing the Performance of Dielectric Elastomer Energy Harvesters. In Proc. SPIE, 7642, (EAPAD), Electroactive Actuators and Devices, San Diego, California, USA, 76422J (2010).

DOI: 10.1117/12.847736

[63] P. Brochu, W. Yuan, H. Zhang, Q. Pei, Dielectric Elastomers for Direct Wind-to-Electricity Power Generation, In Proc. of ASME 2009 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent System, SMASIS2009-1335, Online, (2010) 197-204.

DOI: 10.1115/SMASIS2009-1335

[64] J. Zhou, L. Jiang, L., R. Khayat, Dynamic Analysis of a Tunable Viscoelastic Dielectric Elastomer Oscillator under External Excitation, Smart Materials and Structures, 25 - 2 (2016) 025005.

DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/25/2/025005

[65] S. Chiba, M. Waki, Dielectric Elastomer Transducer (High Efficiency Actuator and Power Generation System), To be published in Book, EcoDesign for Sustainable Products, Services and Social Systems, Springer-Nature, March 2023.

[66] S. Chiba, R. Kornbluh, R. Pelrine, M. Waki, Low-cost Hydrogen Production From Electroactive Polymer Artificial Muscle Wave Power Generators, Proc. of World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2008, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 2008, ISBN:9781615674541.

DOI: 10.1117/12.778345

[67] S. Chiba, K. Hasegawa, M. Waki, S. Kurita, An Experimental Study on the Motion of Floating Bodies Arranged in Series for Power Generation, Journal of Material Science and Engineering A7 (11-12), 2017, 281-289, doi:10.17265-6213/2017.11-12.001.

DOI: 10.17265/2161-6213/2017.11-12.001

[68] C. Jiang, S. Chiba, M. Waki, K. Fujita, O. el Moctar, An Investigation of Novel Wave Energy Generator Using Dielectric Elastomers, Proc. ASME 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineers. Virtual, Online, OMAE-18106, 2020.

DOI: 10.1115/OMAE2020-18106

[69] M. Iino, T. Miyazaki, M. Iida, Estimation of Cumulative Output Energy of Oscillating Water Colum Wave Energy Converter Considering Power Take Off Damping, Proc. ASME 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineers, Virtual, Online, OMAE-19172, 2020.

DOI: 10.1115/omae2020-19172

[70] F. Arena, L. Daniele, V. Fiamma, M. Fontana, G. Malara, G. Moretti, A. Romolo, G. Papini, A. Scialò, R. Vertechy, Field experiments on dielectric elastomer generators integrated on U-OWC wave energy converter, Proc. OMAE, 2018;.

DOI: 10.1115/omae2018-77830

[71] G. Moretti, G. Pietro, R. Papini, I. Daniele, D. Forehand, D. Ingram, R. Vertechy, M. Fontana Modeling and testing of a wave energy converter based on dielectric elastomer generators, Proc., The Royal Society A, The Royal society publishing, Doi.org/.

DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0566

[72] S. Chiba, K. Hasegawa, M. Waki, K. Fujita, K., Ohyama, K, S. Zhu 2017, Innovative Elastomer Transducer Driven by Karman Vortices in Water Flow, Journal of Material Science and Engineering A7 (5-6), 2017: 121-135.

DOI: 10.17265/2161-6213/2017.5-6.002

[73] Mechanism of geothermal power generation (binary power generation), SB energy, https://www.sbenergy.jp/study/illust/geotherma.

[74] D. Yurchenko, Z. Lai, G. Thomson, D.V. Val, R.V. Bobryk, Parametric study of a novel vibro-impact energy harvesting system with dielectric elastomer, Applied Energy, 208 (2017) 456–470.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.006

[75] G. Thomson, Z. Lai, D. Val, D. Yurchenko, Advantages of nonlinear energy harvesting with dielectric elastomers. J. Sound and Vibration, 442 (2019), 167–182.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2018.10.066

[76] T. McKay, B. O'Brien, E. Calius, I. Anderson, I., Soft Generators Using Dielectric Elastomers, Applied Physics Letters 98 (14): 142903, 1-3, 2011.

DOI: 10.1063/1.3572338

[77] I. Anderson, T. Gisby, T. McKay, B. O'Brien1, E. Calius, Multi-functional Dielectric Elastomer Artificial Muscles for Soft and Smart Machines, J. Appl. Phys. 112 (4), 041101, 2012.

DOI: 10.1063/1.4740023

[78] V. Kessel, R. Wattez, P. Bauer, Analyses and Comparison of an Energy Harvesting System for Dielectric Elastomer Generators Using a Passive Harvesting Concept: The Voltage-clamped Multi-phase System, In SPIE 9430, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD), San Dan Diego, California, USA 943006 (2015).

DOI: 10.1117/12.2084316