Advanced Materials Research Vols. 781-784

Abstract: The type and amount of lipid produced by microalgae directly influence the quality of the achived biodiesel. This study is to report the properties of extracted lipid profile analysis of marine microalgae species Chlorella sp. The extracted lipid is further converted to methyl esters or biodiesel by acid-catalyzed transesterification. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) are analytical instruments for evaluation the potential of microalgae lipid in biodiesel production. The result showed that our marine microalgae was confirmed as interesting candidate for biodiesel application due to its high lipid content, high biodiesel yield, high cetane (CN) number, low iodine value (IV) and FT-IR spectrum close to crude palm oil and crude palm oil biodiesel.

Abstract: In this work, glycerol, a by-product from palm oil-biodiesel plant, was used as an alternative substrate for cultivating oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis (R. glutinis). Three R. glutinis strains were selected to compare the biomass production and lipid accumulation potencies namely, NBRC 0695, NBRC 1099 and NBRC 1501. The results found that R. glutinis NBRC 1099 was identified as the best lipid accumulation strain among the three strains tested, with a total biomass of 0.17 g/L and a lipid content of 40.80% at 24 hours when using the concentration of glycerol in the medium at 30 g/L. Furthermore, the optimization of cultivation conditions for the best oil producing strain obtained was evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). A 5-level 2-factor central composite design (CCD) was used to build the statistical model. The optimum cultivation conditions for R. glutinis NBRC 1099 found in this study was: the glycerol concentration in the medium (34.14 g/L), the inoculum volume (1.6 mL; 4.5 x 10⁷ cell) and incubated at 30°C for 24 hours. This optimum condition gave 43.65% of the lipid content. Five fatty acids were found in the lipid produced from this condition namely, myristic acid (0.72%), palmitic acid (19.64%), stearic acid (54.59%), oleic acid (19.44%), linoleic acid (2.04%) and linolenic acid (3.56%).

Abstract: In order to improve the combustion performance of the nitroguanidine triple-base propellant and optimize its preparation technology, used the half solvent method to prepare a series of propellant samples with different solvent ratios, and used the close bomb experiment and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and other experiments to study the combustion performance and shrinkage rate. Results show that with the same formula but different solvent ratios, the internal structure and the shrinkage rate of the triple-base propellant were quite different, the solvent ratio 0.34 propellant’s combustion performance is quite good, and its formula was the best recipe.

Abstract: New energetic bis (2,2-dinitroethyl-N-nitro) ethylenediamine-based salts exhibiting reasonable physical properties, good detonation properties and relatively low impact sensitivities were synthesized in high yield by direct neutralization reactions. The thermal decomposition behavior of two new bis (2,2-dinitroethyl-N-nitro) ethylenediamine-based energetic salts was firstly measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at six different heating rates. The thermal decomposition kinetics and several thermodynamic parameters of the salts, such as apparent activation energy (E), pre-exponential factor (A), extrapolated onset temperature (T₀), activation entropy (∆S^≠), activation enthalpy (∆H^≠), activation Gibbs free energy (∆G^≠), critical temperature of thermal explosion (T_b) and the Arrhenius equations were obtained under non-isothermal conditions by DSC.

Abstract: Double-coated Mg powders with a chloride and a polymer such as HTPB(hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene),NC(nitrocellulose),PVB(polyvinylbutyral) were fabricated by physical vapor deposition and solvent evaporation,respectively.The influence of the addition and the species of the first and second coating agents on the water reaction characteristics was investigated. The results show that both the hydrogen release during the reaction with water and the reaction rate increases distinctly with the increase of the chloride.Compared with those of the raw Mg powders and Mg powders coated with the chloride, the initial reaction temperature of the double-coated Mg powders increases to different extent.Moreover,the initial reaction temperature has an increase trend with the increase of the addition of coating agents.

Abstract: Active research and development on using ethanol fuel in gasoline engine had been done for few decades since ethanol served as a potential of infinite fuel supply. This paper discussed analytically and provides data on the effects of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, inlet temperature, inlet pressure and ethanol blend in cylinder adiabatic flame temperature (AFT) and nitrogen oxide (NO) formation of a gasoline engine. Olikara and Borman routines were used to calculate the equilibrium products of combustion for ethanol gasoline blended fuel. The equilibrium values of each species were used to predict AFT and the NO formation of combustion chamber. The result shows that both adiabatic flame temperature and NO formation are lower for ethanol-gasoline blend than gasoline fuel.

Abstract: This work investigates the comparison between upgraded product from model bio-oil and bio-oil from PKS. The process is carried out in the presence of HZSM-5 at temperature of 500oC, 3bar pressure and oil/catalyst ratio of 15. It is observed that the properties such as pH, density, calorific value and elemental value of products are improved. The calorific value for upgraded bio-oil is 31.65 MJ/kg while for model bio-oil the value is 30.32 MJ/kg at same operating conditions. The degree of deoxygenation of the upgraded bio-oil and upgraded model bio-oil is 43.74% and 45.56% respectively. The study showed that the model bio-oil can be used to represent the bio-oil.

Abstract: Inevitable low temperature properties is one of the major problems in commercialization of pure biodiesel. Increasing the usage of edible oil in biodiesel production creates the fuel versus food controversy. This paper involves the study of cold flow properties of edible and non-edible oils biodiesel. Corn biodiesel and jatropha biodiesel are blended respectively. The blend ratio of corn methyl ester and jatropha methyl ester CME: JME (20:80) has the oxidative stability of 6.42 hours and cold filter plugging point value of-2 oC. An additive of acrylic co-polymer as the cold flow improver (CFI) reduced the CFPP value from-2 oC to-6 oC which results in better low temperature properties of corn-jatropha biodiesel blend.

Abstract: Describes the characteristics of biofuels, the latest developments in the biofuel feedstock, focuses on bio-ethanol, bio-diesel, bio-jet fuel development at home and abroad the status quo, the advantages and disadvantages of the development of bio-fuels. And reasonable recommendations for the development of biofuels.

Abstract: On the base of analysis about the capabilities of appropriative fuel, forming mechanism of accumulated ash in private engine firebox and causation that hardly blown away. Result show that the forming of accumulated ash is caused by sublimation of alumina and silicon oxide because blaze center is too close to the insulation apron. Excessive transgression of alumina and aggradation is the causation that accumulated ash was hardly blown away.