Advanced Materials Research Vols. 875-877

Abstract: Based on the supercritical impinging stream technique, a novel synthetic process for preparing aromatic polycarbonate (PC) by transesterification between bisphenol-A (BPA) and diphenyl carbonate (DPC) was developed. Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO₂) is an excellent plasticizing agent and a good solvent for phenol, the by-product of the reaction. Impinging stream can markedly enhance heat and mass transfer, especially mass transfer between phases. In this process, phenol formed from the reaction was dissolved and diffused into ScCO₂ phase and the transfer process were accelerated through the impingement of two flows. The structure of the product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ¹³C-NMR measurements. Thermal analysis was measured by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The PC molecular weight (M_W) was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and can reach up to 4.28×10⁴ g/mol.

Abstract: Phase composition of gelatin-starch blends were investigated by Fourier transform infared (FTIR) spectroscopy with various extended techniques, from ATR to 2D and 3D mapping by synchrotron FTIR micro-spectroscopy. The peaks of the saccharide bands (1180953 cm^-1) and the amide I and II bands (17501483 cm^-1) were used to identify the starch and gelatin respectively. The ratio of the areas of the saccharide bands the amide I and II bands was used to determine relative distributions of the two components of the blends.

Abstract: In this article a development at the Czestochowa University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering is presented concerning waste management technology in which sediment with grit is used technological sewage treatment plant. Waste which is chemical and or biological can be reused but it is associated with costs. After mechanical and chemical processing of the waste, it was used as a component in concrete which was for the implementation of concrete foundations of local roads. It is presented in this article, the allowance for the use of a chemically and biologically harmful waste from grit treatment plant as an ingredient in concrete, designed for installation in concrete substructure of local roads. The processed waste, which has undergone particular chemical and mechanical treatment, can be utilized in concrete product that is not a threat to the environment.

Abstract: This work investigates the potential of penetration, in terms of bituminous prime coat, of an asphalt mixture produced adding Soy Biodiesel [BIO] to the Asphalt Cement [AC] to be used in low traffic volume roads in the state of Ceara, Brazil. The main objective of this investigation was finding a less polluting alternative, by replacing kerosene, usually applied as diluent of AC in the traditional mixture CM-30. Therefore, a comparative study was made between the traditional binder [CM-30] and the proposed mixture [40% of Soy Biodiesel and 60% of AC 50/70], named as AC/BIO. Both tested binders were used in specimens made by the stabilization of a sandy soil, adding 50% and 60% of construction and demolition waste, resulting in two different soil-aggregate mixtures. The research considered some factors that influence the extent of penetration of the prime coat: moisture content of the base, type and volume of binder used and compaction energy. The characterization of the materials used in this research included tests such as the gradation of the aggregates, CBR and Resilient Modulus of the mixtures soil/aggregate, viscosity Saybolt-Furol and penetration of the binders (traditional and AC/BIO) in the samples of soil/aggregate. The results showed that the penetration potential of the AC/BIO mixture was similar to the CM-30 keeping the technical viability.

Abstract: The oblique angle deposition (OAD) technique was used to deposit copper indium disulfide (CuInS₂) films onto glass substrates by a vacuum thermal evaporation method. The powder source used in this work was obtained from the crushed CuInS₂ polycrystalline ingot grown by Vertical Bridgeman method. In order to study the influences of depositing angle on the optical property and the structure of the CuInS₂ films, the depositing angle θ was varied from 10° to 70° with a 30° gradient. These films were characterized by SEM, XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the optical property and the structure of the films were closely related to the depositing angle θ. When the depositing angle θ increased, the band gap increased and the intensity of (112) characteristic peak of the CuInS₂ films decreased.

Abstract: Fluorine-containing acrylate monomer modified acrylate hybrid latex particles were synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), methacrylic acid (MAA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFMA) in the presence of three kinds of surfactant mixture conditions, respectively. The effect of different surfactant mixtures on properties of fluorinated acrylate latex and film were investigated. Chemical composition and morphology of the resultant hybrid latex particles were respectively characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The addition of a small amount fluorine-containing surfactant leads to an increase of the monomer conversion and improvement of thermal stability of the latex. The average particle size of the latex prepared in the presence of OP-10/Le-180s/CO-436/Le-003 surfactant mixture was uniform and the particle distribution was narrow; thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated the hybrid latex possessed good thermal stability, and the result also revealed the latex exhibited good dilution, refrigeration as well as Ca²⁺ stability.

Abstract: The present investigation aims to study the microstructure and mechanical properties of (A365/ SiC particulate) MMC produced by stir casting technique. The A356 matrix was reinforced by the addition of 3% SiC ceramic particulate having particle size ranging from 20-90 μm. The SiC particles were added to the molten in the semi-solid state during stirring at rotating speed of 700 r.p.m for duration of 1 minute. The composite was then poured in a preheated metallic mould, after which standard samples were prepared for microstructure and mechanical testing characterization. The results of the study revealed that the consolidation of the SiC and its distribution in the A356 matrix as investigated from the microstructure has increased; the tensile stress from 170 to 195 MPa, compressive yield limit from 156.5 to 190 MPa and ultimate compression stress at 35% strain increased from 350 to 460 MPa. Also macro-hardness of composite material has increased from 72.5 HV for unreinforced alloy to 80 HV, while the elongation% and impact toughness was reduced by 25% and 55% respectively. On the other hand, a dramatic increase in the toughness value for un-notched impact samples of A356 alloy when it cast in SSM (20 J) rather than that when it cast in fully liquid state (6 J).

Abstract: The Org-rectorite, which was used as a filler in the Rectorite/Epoxy nanocomposites, was prepared by the intercalation and exfoliation of rectorite with dodecyl-bis (2-hydroxyethyl)-methylazanium chloride as the organic cation exchange agent. The two curing agents methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) and m-phenylenediamine were employed at working temperature ranging from 70 °C to 190 °C. The samples were characterized by Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis. The results show that the d₀₀₁ (55.9 Å) of Rectorite/Epoxy composites cured with MHHPA at 70 °C was larger than the Org-rectorite (28.7 Å), and the Org-rectorite was exfoliated at 90 °C working temperature. While the d₀₀₁ of Rectorite/Epoxy composites cured with m-phenylenediamine at 70 °C and 90 °C were 40.9 Å and 42.1 Å , and were exfoliated at 140 °C. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of Rectorite/Epoxy composites cured with MHHPA and m-phenylenediamine were obtained to be 74.85 and 59.15 KJ/mol, respectively. The higher apparent activation energy (Ea) of MHHPA systems may be responsible for the lower exfoliation temperature.

Abstract: This study uses in-situ polymerization method due to organic modified montmorillonite into unsaturated polyester to form a advanced montmorillonite / unsaturated polyester (MMT /UP) nanocomposites. Using of the blasting force generated in situ polymerization patterns show the formation of clay layers is exfoliation structure in polymer and improving of thermal properties, flame retardant properties, and mechanical properties.The d-spacing of organic modified clay could be determined whether the modifier was intercalated into the gallery of clay by applying the wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD). The functional groups of modified clay were measured by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The dispersion morphologies of MMT / UP nanocomposites were characterized by the wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal properties and mechanical properties were investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index meter (LOI), cone calorimeter (Heat Release Rate) and a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA).

Abstract: The pretreating procedures on the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) pellet and the preparing procedures of th bath of electroless Ni-P plating were described in detail. The effects of the pH value of the bath on the coating quality, of the plating temperature on the yield of the coated microsperes and the plating rate, and of the plating time and the content of the complexing agent on the yield of the coated microsperes were investigated. The morphologies of the coating of the microsperes were evaluated by Olympus-BX51 optical microscopy (OM) and the coating thicknesses were measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).