Advanced Materials Research Vols. 962-965

Abstract: The vehicular NMVOCs emission in China was estimated based on the emission factors calculated by COPERT model. The total vehicular NMVOCs emission is 4073.0 Gg in 2011. Passenger cars (PC), motorcycles (MC) and buses (BUS) have higher contributions among different vehicle types. Vehicles with State 0, State I and State II are the main contributor to the vehicular emissions, with proportion of approximately 26.7%, 31.2% and 24.1%, respectively. Guangdong, Shandong, Hebei and Jiangsu have larger NMVOCs emissions. The NMVOCs species emission and ozone formation potentials (OFP) were also calculated. The ten key species for emission and OFP were identified, respectively. They are ethylene, toluene, benzene, isopentane, propene, m,p-xylene, 2-methylpentane, ethane, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene and ethylene, propene, m,p-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1-butene, toluene, 2-methyl-2-butene, m-ethyltoluene, o-xylene, 1,3,5-trimetylbenzene, respectively. The results can provide scientific support for making effective vehicular emission reduction and air quality improvement measures.

Abstract: The frequencies of atmospheric blocking are analyzed as simulated in 16 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) over North Hemisphere especially over key regions where blocking highs influencing China (the Ural, Baikal and Okhotsk), and the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) integrations are used to examine projected future changes in a warmer climate. Comparison with reanalysis data reveals that the frequencies of North Atlantic-Eurasia blocking are significantly underestimated throughout the year, however, multi-model mean generally overestimates the blocking frequency over high-latitude of Pacific. Ural blocking, Lake Baikal and Okhotsk Sea blocking frequencies are found to be mainly underestimated especially during the cold season. The RCP4.5 integrations show a heavily reduced for blocking frequency over North Atlantic and higher latitude of Eurasia in 2044-2099, but high-latitude blocking over Atlantic and Pacific presents a small increase. A significant increase of the Ural blocking is found. In contrast to the trend of blocking index for RCP4.5 path in the second half of the 21st, the increasing trend from 2006 to 2050 is distinct, the blocking increasing trend is more significant in summer than in winter over the three regions.

Abstract: In the rapid process of urbanization, the transport facilities in Beijing have developed swiftly with the increase of motor vehicles. The problem of traffic congestion, energy consumptions and carbon emissions are becoming increasingly prominent. Based on the statistics of people trip survey in Beijing from 2005 to 2010, it predicted the development of transport under various scenarios and calculated the carbon emissions of different transport modes by using low-carbon transport model. Vigorously develop public transport and zero pollution of bicycle transport is the inevitable trend to realize low carbon transport.

Abstract: This paper firstly describes the preliminary achievements of Shenzhen GHG emissions trading system, analyzes some of the issues occurred during practice, and then draws from some experiences of the California model, forwards a number of recommendations to perfect the Shenzhen GHG trading system.

Abstract: The tourism’s growing consumption of energy, especially in transportation and accommodation, and its great demand on fossil fuels has important implications for GHG emissions. From the perspective of low carbon and emission reduction, the paper discussed the carbon emission of China’s tourism. Based on the previous studies, the paper calculated carbon emission of 31 Chinese provinces from tourism transportation and accommodation. The results show that: 1) Tourism transportation contributes most to carbon emission, accounting for 89.4% of the total, while tourism accommodation accounts for 10.6%. 2) In terms of transportation, civil aviation contributes most, accounting for 44.71% of the carbon emission of tourism transportation. 3) In terms of accommodation, three-star hotels contribute most, accounting for 45.3% of the carbon emission of tourism accommodation. 4) Cities of Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai make the largest contribution to the carbon emission among 31 provinces. Based on the above, it is reasonable that Tourism Sectors should make targeted policies to promote the development of low-carbon tourism according to the structure of tourism transportation and accommodation.

Abstract: This paper calculates the carbon emissions from energy consumption of 30 provinces in China through 2000-2010, and research correlation of factors such as regional economic gap and regional characteristics of carbon emissions in the process of regional economic coordinated development. The LMDI decomposition model is used to decompose the growth rate of China’s carbon emissions into 4 types of driving factors, i.e. GDP, industrial pollutants emission intensity, industrial structure and imbalance of regional economic development, to analyze influence of scale effect, technical effect, industrial structure effect and regional spatial structure effect on carbon emissions in the process of China's regional economic development. The results show that: The scale effect is determinants of carbon emissions increasing. The technical effect is the most important force to inhibit the increment of carbon emissions. Industrial structure effect and regional spatial structure effect on carbon emissions are not yet stable, but have a certain pull impact on increasing carbon emissions.

Abstract: China is one of the countries which suffer the damage from Tropical cyclones most severely. Tropical cyclones catastrophe causes tremendous loss of life and great majority of damage to China every year. Because of the economic influence of Tropical cyclones catastrophe, the defense of Tropical cyclones becomes an important issue. This paper first analyzed the Tropical cyclones characteristic in China, then we discussed relationship between economic losses and Tropical cyclones, and finally we tried to present some feasible suggestions for the construction of a recovery system for Tropical cyclones from the three phases, including disaster defense and reduction system, disaster crisis management, and disaster loss evaluation and compensation system.

Abstract: Forest reconstruction was regarded as a measure of carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. The carbon stocks in living biomass were compared between artificial measures promoting regeneration of Castanopsis carlesii (ARC) and two adjacent plantations of Cunninghamia lanceolata (CFP) and Pinus massoniana (PMP) and natural primary forest (NPF). The mean carbon stocks were about 150.1 Mg ha^-1 in ARC and 90.6 Mg ha^-1 in CFP and 83.9 Mg ha^-1 in PMP. The results primarily showed that the carbon stock in artificial measures promoting regeneration were higher than that two plantations. Carbon stocks in the all reconstruction of forests were all significantly lower than those of NPF (186.9 Mg ha^-1), which also implies they still have a carbon sink increment potential.

Abstract: California’s experience on establishing a carbon emissions trading system has been of some reference for Shanghai, China. This paper analyzes some insufficiencies of carbon emissions allowance allocation system in Shanghai, and tries to put forward some suggestions for Shanghai based on California’s experience.

Abstract: To reveal the influence of the temperature changes on plant phenology,The phenological data and temperature log data nearly 50 years in Xi 'an station was used to research the relationship between the temperature and phenological responses, which combined with mathematical statistics methods such as Julian day、correlation coefficient , the results showed: (1) 1962-2009, The temperature of beginning phenological period、phenological late and growth period are on the rise, of which the temperature of beginning phase increased most obviously; (2) The M - K mutation test the mutation in Xi ‘an annual average temperature of the year is 1995, the beginning and end of phenological mutation and the growth period is: 1998, 1997 and 2003; (3) Xi 'an plant phenology beginning period in advance, growth period prolonged, the end period delayed, there is an upward trend in temperatures in different historical periods; (4) The temperature mutations showed the trend of ahead, the beginning phenological period before and after the end of phenological showed a trend of later, after the end of the degree to which were greater than the extent of the beginning period in advance, and after the mutation of phenological change trend mutations were greater than before, that means the temperature rising added plant phenological period of delay, and extend the ahead of time.