Advances in Science and Technology Vol. 117

Abstract: Bio-fuel is world's best substitutes to petroleum fuels, particularly in developing countries, especially in present situation, in which fossil fuels are rapidly decreasing. By emitting greenhouse gases when fossil-based fuels are burned, they pose a serious danger to the environment and human health. Bio-fuel production on a large scale requires longer time and activity due to many constraints in currently available technology and supplementary increased costs. Furthermore, depending on the techniques and materials used, the procedures used to convert diverse feed stocks to the intended output are varied. Nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most versatile materials in terms of time management, energy efficiency, and selectivity. It is the best way to address the issues of biomass usage. Lots of technology has implemented based on nanoparticles includes metal oxide and magnetic oxides, are engaged to progress bio-fuel production. NPs are useful biofuel additives because of their stability, higher surface area, reusability and catalytic activity. Furthermore, nanomaterials include carbon nanofibers, nanosheets and carbon nanotubes have been discovered to be a stable catalyst for enzyme immobilisation, resulting in improved bio-fuel production. The current research provides a thorough examination of the utilisation of different nanocomposites for bio-fuel production, as well as the significant hurdles and potential prospects.

Abstract: Carbon nanomaterials have piqued the interest of researchers over the last two decades due to their proven wear and friction properties, in addition to tribological application. This review provides a detailed analysis of the latest discoveries in tribology of four common carbon nanoparticles are carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, nanodiamonds and fullerene. First, the four forms of carbon nanomaterials are described in terms of their applicability in coating for friction and anti-wears. Second, the use of graphene and CNTs as additions to improve tribological behaviours in bulk materials is discussed. Finally, the mechanisms of CNTs, fullerene, fullerene, nanodiamond and graphene, working as additive to lubricate to reduce wear and friction are discussed. Fourth, the advancements in super-lubricity employing carbon nanotubes and graphene are emphasised. Finally, this study finishes with a look ahead at future research on carbon nanoparticles in tribology, their major barriers for practical use, and prospective remedies.

Abstract: The present state of nanotechnology in concrete is summarised in this study. The terms "nanotechnology," "nanoscience," and "nanoengineering" all have concrete definitions. Instrumentation and computational materials science advancements, as well as their practical applications, are reviewed in this article. nanoengineering and nanocomposites alteration of cement-based material was focus of this research, which examines current developments in this field.

Abstract: The new update in advancement in nanotechnology has engaged to develop a new nanomaterial with a different functional property. The morphology modification of nanoparticles has exhibited excellent physio-chemical properties such as high reactivity and absorption rate, photochemical and magnetic property, and larger surface area. Moreover, biomedical application of nanoparticles are yet a hard tool to use for therapeutic application owing to its limits such as Pitiable target specificity, bio-compatibility, low photostability, toxicity to organically, poor blood retention and cellular absorption. Therefore advancement in nanotechnology is required to overcome these defects. In this background, new nanomaterials are identified with suitable biological, chemical and physical properties, which suits the required demands of the application. In this mini-review, we have covered the recent focuses of nanomaterials for biomedical application.

Abstract: Green synthesized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are successfully applied for the detection of organophosphate pesticides in fruits and vegetables. The banana fruit is used as a carbon source for the synthesis of CQDs via a one-pot hydrothermal route. The quenching in emission intensity of the synthesized carbon dots (CQDs) is observed for organophosphate pesticides (OPPS) in sample water. The hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups over the surface of carbon dots exhibited a high binding affinity for detecting organophosphate pesticides. The amine group of Parathion was easily interacted with carboxylic group of CQDs which causes the fluorescence quenching via inner filter effect. The quenching in fluorescence intensity of CQDs was used to measure the inhibitory efficiency of OPPS. The quenching efficiency was proportional to the concentration of Parathion observed in sample water in the range of 0 to 500 nM under optimal conditions, with a detection limit of 12 nM. Moreover, the easy-to-use method had been used to detect Parathion in agricultural and environmental samples.

Abstract: The Co-MoF was identified as better catalyst for colorimetric sensing for effective detection of Hg²⁺ ions. The mimicking activities and oxidise the TMB in the existence of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to create a blue-colored sample. The oxidation of TMB was greatly delayed or reduced in the existence of bio-molecule Glutathione since of its stronger cations to repair capability. GSH substrates are oxidised when Hg²⁺ is introduced because of the higher interaction of mercury ions for GSH's thiol groups. Hg²⁺ concentrations ranged from 1 to 50 nM, and it exhibits a LOD of 0.28 nM reached in this study. To our surprise, the proposed sensor technology for detecting mercury contamination from industrial wastewater shows great potential.

Abstract: A simple chemical co-precipitation approach was used to produce in situ nanocomposites based on Mn-BIM, and the results were promising. It is possible to increase the photocatalytic degradation efficiency. The morphology of the nanocomposites is investigated using X-ray diffraction data and the structural features of the nanocomposites are investigated using electron microscopy. Mn-BIM is a nanoparticle with an average size of 50 nm. In order to determine their photo-catalytic activity, researchers investigated nanocomposites produced from industrial waste dyes rhodamine-B. Following 90 minutes in direct sunshine, the photo-degradation of these dyes occurs, with a photo-degradation rate of more than 90 percent. To evaluate whether nanocomposite materials have the ability to photodegrade dyes, tests have been carried out. The rate-limiting stepwise de-ethylation process for the degradation of rhodamine-B dye has been proposed as the mechanism of degradation.

Abstract: The photo-catalytic degradation of Congo red (CR) was examined in presence of visible light at various operating condition, pH and amount of catalyst and time. The CR dye degradation rate was 97% about 80 minute of exposure, respectively, indicating that pH 7 was the optimal pH for degradation. The photo degradation processes of dyes were considered to be connected to a kinetic models, which was later shown incorrect. The effective degradation process might be used to explain the degradation of congo red dye.

Abstract: Green synthesized surface passivated carbon dots for detection of Citrate as biomarker for prostate cancer. The carbon sources of CQDs are passivated with L-cysteine via a one-pot hydrothermal route. The quenching in emission intensity of the synthesized carbon dots (CQDs) is observed for Citrate samples. The hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups of Citrate showed a binding affinity with amino and free carboxyl cysteine passivated over the surface of carbon dots. The CQDs showed a high sensitivity for detection of Citrate in a continuous range of 1.0 μM–500 μM. The CQDs showed good level of selectivity, repeatability, and stability for the detection of Citrate. We successfully detected the Citrate content for prostate cancer cells using an L-cysteine passivated carbon quantum dots various incubation durations. As a result, quenching in fluorescence intensity CQDs are noted to analyze extent of cancer cells in biological samples.