Construction Technologies and Architecture Vol. 24

Abstract: The plan to harness the Santong River's surface water as a potential source for an independent Micro Hydro Power Plant aims to supply electricity to remote communities (standalone/off-grid) while also linking to the State Electricity Company's distribution network. It is essential to conduct a thorough study and analysis concerning water utilization, focusing on both reliable discharge and the prospective energy output of the Micro Hydro Power Plant, which depends on the water discharge and the electrical energy requirements. This approach ensures that the usage of this water source does not disrupt the downstream water utilization system. The water balance analysis for the Santong Micro Hydro Power Plant takes into account several factors: the reliable discharge at the dam, the water needed for river maintenance (ecosystem flow), potential reliable discharge, water requirements (power demand), and any spillover into the Sidutan River. The Santong Micro Hydro Power Plant has a production capacity of 1000 KW (1 MW), with operational requirements of a maximum of 1.5 m³/sec and a minimum of 0.4 m³/sec. The water balance analysis provides insights into the operational reliability of the plant, covering a total of 324 observation cycles: 264 cycles or 81% indicate ON Operation, while 51 cycles or 16% reflect OFF Operation, and 9 cycles or 3% involve Maintenance. In 2018, a notable decline in operational reliability due to limited reliable discharge was observed at the dam, exacerbated by earthquakes which can alter soil composition and surface flow. This decline was further influenced by signs of a Weak to Moderate El Niño (drought) in that year, as evidenced by discharge data showing 2018 registered the lowest average discharge within the 2015-2023 timeframe.

Abstract: Environmental sanitation is a key determinant of public health. Poor water quality often indicates inadequate sanitation conditions, thereby increasing the risk of waterborne and environmentally influenced diseases. In Indonesia, water quality standards for hygiene and sanitation purposes are outlined in the 2017 Minister of Health Regulation No. 32. The goal of this study is to describe and compare the water quality in areas with different population densities in the Sukun District of Malang City and to evaluate its compliance with national quality standards. A comparative descriptive study was conducted on two groups of areas: densely populated and less densely populated. A total of 80 water samples (40 per group) were randomly collected. The following parameters were measured using a multiparameter water quality meter: dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and temperature. Descriptive analyses and independent t-tests were performed to evaluate differences between regions. Levels of DO in densely populated areas (7.20 ± 0.40 mg/L) were found to be significantly higher than in less densely populated areas (5.18 ± 1.45 mg/L; p = 1.71 × 10⁻¹⁰). The pH value was also higher in densely populated areas (7.32 ± 0.36) compared to less densely populated areas (6.82 ± 0.39; p = 5.33 × 10⁻⁸). Water temperature in less densely populated areas was higher (26.96 ± 1.28 °C) than in densely populated areas (26.44 ± 0.34 °C; p = 0.025). Densely populated areas met all quality standards, whereas less densely populated areas did not meet the minimum DO standard. Significant differences in dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH levels suggest that these two parameters are sensitive indicators of environmental sanitation. Therefore, water quality—particularly DO and pH—can serve as a reliable indicator of environmental sanitation differences between densely and less densely populated areas, aligning with the objective of this study.

Abstract: The southern part of Malang Regency, particularly the coastal area, has experienced rapid development in tourism, infrastructure, and new settlements in recent years, which has impacted water availability. Clungup Mangrove Conservation (CMC) in Sendang Biru is one of the ecotourism sites facing water availability constraints, particularly for meeting the needs of public facilities in the CMC area. Various efforts have been made, but they have not been fully effective in providing clean water. This case study uses direct observation and clean water pipeline network modeling using EPANET 2.0 to identify the causes of clean water constraints in the CMC area. Based on observations and modeling, it was found that the flow rate in the distribution pipes is suboptimal due to differences in pipe diameters within the network. Additionally, the water source currently used is surface water from rivers, which contains sediment during the rainy season and affects pump performance. Therefore, the solutions proposed in this case study not only involve replacing pipe diameters but also optimizing the use of the Sendang Biru water source. This research is not purely theoretical but includes the implementation of solutions. Based on evaluations after implementation, the newly designed pipeline network operates effectively and produces the expected water flow.