Hygrothermal Performance of Gypsum Plaster Houses

Abstract:

The use of gypsum plaster in building blocks, in Brazil, is still a restricted item, due to lack of knowledge on technology. Another factor that restricts the use of the blocks is the location of the deposits of gypsum, a material that gives rise to the plaster, which are located in the West of the State of Pernambuco, located far from the large consuming centers, potentially located in the southeast of the country. However, the interest in your study is determined by the annual consumption growth that reaches about 8% per year in Brazil. For the development of this study, in particular for Brazil, it is important to analysis the housing deficit in Brazil. The analysis indicates a clear need for new housing construction in the country. Preferably should be chosen simple constructive solutions, fast and easy to implement, without neglecting the comfort and durability. The use of local natural endogenous resources such as gypsum plaster, can be an attractive solution from an environmental point of view as well as economical. Brazil is a very large country with very different climates throughout its regions, so it was made a comprehensive study of the country's climate data and the constructive strategies adopted by NBR15220 and NBR 15575 standards, for each bioclimatic zone, to ensure the minimum comfort conditions. The hygrothermal analysis, reflected on the thermal comfort and night time ventilation in Brazilian gypsum plaster houses, was based on the adaptive model described in ASHRAE 55 and ISO 7730 standards for the evaluation of thermal comfort.

• Periodical: Diffusion Foundations (Volume 14)
• Pages: 128-157
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/DF.14.128
• Online since: December 2017
• Authors: P. Paula*, João M.P.Q. Delgado
• Keywords: Discomfort Index, Gypsum House, Hygrothermal Performance, Statistical Sensibility Study

References

[1] Census 2010, http: /www. ibge. gov. br/(access in January/2017).

[2] Mineral Contents, DNPM/PE, (2006).

[3] João Pinheiro Foundation. Statistical and information center. Housing deficit in Brazil, selected geographical micro-regions and municipalities. Agreement UNDP/Ministry of cities, Belo Horizonte, (2005).

[4] Cedeplar/UFMG-Regional development and planning center. Study to the Ministry of cities Project-demand demographic projection housing the housing deficit and subnormal settlements", (2007).

[5] NBR-15220-3: Thermal performance of buildings - Part 3: Brazilian Bioclimatic zoning and construction guidelines for detached houses of social interest. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards. Rio de Janeiro, (2005).

[6] NBR 15575-5, Residential Buildings — performance,. Requirements for roofing systems. Brazilian Association of technical standards, (2013).

[7] ASHRAE-55. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc., (2010).

[8] EN 15251 – Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings-addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics. CEN, Brussels, Belgium, (2007).

DOI: 10.3403/30133865u

[9] International Organization for Standardization. ISO 7730, Ambiances thermiques modérées – Détermination des indices VMP PPD spécification et des conditions et de confort thermique, International Standardisation Organisation, Geneva, Suisse, (2005).

[10] E. Maricato. Brazil, cities: Alternatives to the urban crisis. Petrópolis, Vozes, (2001).

[11] Ministry of cities/SNH. National housing policy. The cities Book 4, Brasília, (2006).

[12] João Pinheiro Foundation. Statistical and information center. Housing deficit in Brazil 2000. Agreement UNDP/Special Secretariat for urban development (Presidency of the Republic), Belo Horizonte, (2001).

[13] F. Garcia and A.M. Castle, Housing deficit grows despite the expansion of credit,. Construction Situation, year 4 (Mar. ), n. 1, pp.8-11, March (2006).

[14] A. Denaldi, State housing policies and favelas in Brazil,. Leopoldianum Magazine. Santos-SP, (2004).

[15] Sustainable Brazil. Potential housing market. São Paulo: Ernst & Young, (2008).

[16] Cedeplar/UFMG-Regional development and planning center. Study to the Ministry of cities Project-demand demographic projection housing the housing deficit and subnormal settlements", (2007).

[17] IBGE, National Research for sample of Domiciles-2005 micro-data. Rio de Janeiro, CD-ROM, (2006).

[18] Law No. 11, 977, of 7 July 2009. Plateau, 2014. Available at: http: /www. planalto. gov. br. Accessed: January (2017).

[19] BEN-2010 National energy balance: base year 2009/energy research company. Rio de Janeiro: EPE, (2010).

[20] R.R. Carrières, Thermal performance and Energy Consumption of office buildings in San Carlos. MSc Thesis in Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, (2007).

[21] Brazil Presidency of the Republic. Civil House. Cabinet Subcommittee for Legal Affairs. Decree n° 4, 059 of 19 December 2001. Regulates law No. 10, 295, of 17 October 2001, which provides for the National Policy for the conservation and rational use of energy, and other matters. In: Official Journal of the European Union. Brasília, DF, (2001).

[22] B. Huberman and D. Pearlmutter, The life-cycle energy analysis of building materials in the Negev desert. Energy and Buildings, no. 40, pp.837-848, (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.06.002

[23] F. Kuznik, D. David, K. Johann and J.J. Roux, The review on phase change materials integrated in building walls. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 15 (1), 379-391 (2011).

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.019

[24] C.C.L. Achão, Analysis of the structure of energy consumption by the Brazilian Residences [Rio de Janeiro]. MSc. Thesis-Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, 103 p, (2003).

DOI: 10.3940/rina.iccas.2011.14

[25] B. Givoni, Effectiveness of Mass and Night Ventilation in Lowering the Indoor Daytime Temperatures. Part I: Experimental Periods, School of Arts and architecture, Los Angeles, United States America, (1997).

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7788(97)00056-x

[26] O.H. Koenigsberger, T.G. Ingerssol, A. Maythew, S.V. Szokolay, Manual of tropical housing and building. Part I: Climatic Design. London: Longman, (1974).

[27] M. Roriz, Correções nas Irradiâncias e Iluminâncias dos arquivos EPW da Base ANTAC. Grupo de Trabalho sobre Conforto e Eficiência Energética de Edificações. ANTAC – Associação Nacional de Tecnologia do Ambiente Construído. São Carlos – SP, 2012. http: /www. labeee. ufsc. br/downloads/ (Acessed in 2017).

DOI: 10.17012/entac2014.706

[28] NBR 15575-4, Residential Buildings — performance,. Requirements for the systems of internal and external vertical seals. Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Association of technical standards, (2013).

[29] RTQ-R, Ministry of industry and foreign trade. Quality technical regulation to the level of energy efficiency of Residential Buildings. Eletrobrás, (2010).

[30] Treaty of architecture, Vitruvius.

[31] L. Peeters, R. Dear, J.D. Hansen and W. Haeseleer, Thermal comfort in residential buildings: Comfort values and scales for building energy simulation. Applied Energy, Vol. 86, (2009).

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.07.011

[32] Nicol, j. f. Humphreys, M.A. : Adaptive thermal comfort and thermal standards for sustainable buildings. In: Moving Thermal Comfort Standards into the 21 Century, 2001, Windsor, UK. Proceedings. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, April, (2001).

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7788(02)00006-3

[33] F.C. Hougthen and C.P. Yaglou, Determining lines to equal comfort, and determination of the comfort zone. In: ASHRAE Transactions, v. 29, (1923).

[34] P.O. Fanger and J. Toftum, Extension of the PMV Model to Non-Air «air-conditioned Buildings in Warm Climates, Energy and Buildings, (2006).

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7788(02)00003-8

[35] V.M.D. Araújo, Parameters of thermal comfort for users of school buildings in the Northeastern Brazilian coast. Doctoral thesis. Faculty of architecture and urbanism of the University of São Paulo. São Paulo, (1996).

[36] A.M. Hackenberg, Comfort and Heat Stress in industries: research carried out in the regions of Joinville, SC and Campinas, SP. 270 f. doctoral thesis in mechanical engineering. State University of Campinas, SP, (2000).

DOI: 10.47749/t/unicamp.2000.199844

[37] R.J. Dear, The adaptive model of thermal comfort: Macquarie University's ASHRAE RP-884 Project. (2004).

[38] B.W. Olesen and K.C. Parsons, Introduction to thermal comfort standards and to the proposed new version of EN ISO 7730. Energy and Buildings, Amsterdam, Vol. 34 (6), 537-548, (2002).

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7788(02)00004-x

[39] T.C. Gouvêa, Evaluation of thermal comfort: an experience in manufacturing industry. 164 f. dissertation (master in Civil Engineering)-Department of Civil Engineering, University of Campinas Faculty of Civil Engineering, architecture and urbanism, Campinas, (2004).

DOI: 10.7764/rdlc.21.3.717

[40] C.S.B. Gemelli, Evaluation of thermal comfort, acoustic and luminance of building sustainable and bioclimatic strategies school: the case of elementary Municipal school Frei Pacific. 2009. 17 f. dissertation (master in Civil Engineering)-graduate program in Civil Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, Brazil, (2009).

DOI: 10.47593/2675-312x/20213401eabc143

[41] A.A. Andreasi, Method for evaluation of thermal comfort in hot and humid climate region in Brazil, PhD Thesis in Civil Engineering. Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, (2009).

DOI: 10.26420/austinchemeng.2022.1089

[42] R. Lamberts and A.A.P. Xavier, Thermal comfort and heat stress. Laboratory of energy efficiency in buildings. Florianópolis. SC, (2011).

[43] A. Gagliano, F. Nocera, F. Patania and G.A. Capizzi, Case Study of Energy Retrofit in Social Housing Units. In: Proceedings of The Mediterranean Green Energy Forum 2013, MGEF-13, Fes, Morocco, 16-20 June (2013).

DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.11.029

[44] L. Matias, Development of a model for defining Adaptive thermal comfort conditions in Portugal. Collection Theses and Research programs LNEC, ICC 65. ISBN 978-972-49-2207-2. Lisbon: LNEC, (2010).

[45] G. Brager and R. Dear, Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review, Energy and Buildings 27, 83-96, (1998).

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7788(97)00053-4

[46] R. Dear, G. Brager and D. Cooper, Developing an Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort and Preference, ASHRAE RP-884-Final Report, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, USA, (1997).

[47] N. Artmann, M. Heinrich and P. Heiselberg, Potential for Passive Cooling of Buildings by Night-Time Ventilation in Present and Future Climates in Europe, 23rd International PLEA Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, (2006).

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.05.004

[48] F. Nicol and M. Humphreys, Derivation of the adaptive equations for thermal comfort in free-running buildings in European standard EN 15251. Buildings and Environment, Vol. 45, 11-17, (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.12.013

[49] S. Turner, ASHRAE`s Thermal Comfort Standard in America: Future steps away from energy intensive design. Proceedings of Conference: Air Conditioning and the Low Carbon Cooling Challenge. Windsor, UK. 27-29. July (2008).

[50] F. Nicol and K. MCCartney, Smart Controls and Thermal Comfort (SCATs) Project. Final Report. Joule III Project (Contract JOE3-CT97-0066), (2000).

[51] K. MCCartney and F. Nicol, Developing an adaptive control algorithm for Europe. Energy and Buildings, Vol. 34 (6), 623-635, (2002).

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7788(02)00013-0

[52] R.M.S.F. Almeida, Avaliação do Desempenho Higrotérmico do Parque Escolar Reabilitado, PhD Thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, (2009).

DOI: 10.21011/apn.2017.1207

[53] A.J.C. Curado, Thermal comfort and energy efficiency in Social housing Buildings Rehabilitated, PhD Thesis in Civil Engineering, Faculty of engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, (2014).

[54] E. Gratia, I. Bruyère and A. De Herde, How to use natural ventilation to cool narrow office buildings. Building and Environment, Vol. 39 (10), 1157-1170, (2004).

DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.02.005

[55] M. Santamouris, Energy in the Urban Built Environment: The Role of Natural Ventilation, Natural Ventilation in the Urban Environment: Assessment and Design, Editors Francis Allard and Cristian Ghiaus, United Kingdom, (2005).

DOI: 10.4324/9781849772068

[56] S.R. Schiffer and A.B. Fleet, Manual of thermal comfort, 7. Edition, São Paulo: Studio Nobel, (2003).

[57] C.O. Mazon, R.G. Silva and A.H. Souza, Natural ventilation in warehouses: the use of lanterns in the covers. Magazine School of Mines. Vol. 59 (2). Ouro Preto – MG. Apr. 2006/June.

[58] D.V. Hunzinker, Study of the phenomena of natural ventilation in buildings. 9th Congress of Internal scientific initiation of Unicamp. Campinas-SP, (2001).

[59] R.M.S. Jerónimo, Hygrothermal performance assessment and the comfort of Rural Buildings Rehabilitated, PhD Thesis in Civil Engineering, Faculty of engineering of the University of Porto, (2012).

[60] J. Gandemer and G. Barnaud, Ventilation naturelle des habitations sous climat tropical humide: aerodynamique aproach. Report for the CSTB, Nantes, (1989).

[61] O. Huet and R. Celaire, Bioclimatisme en zone tropicale: construire avec le climate. Groupe de Recherche et d ' Techonologiques Exchanges-GRET. Paris: Ministere de la Cooperation. Programme Rexcoop Interministeriel, (1986).

[62] W.A. Andreasi, Natural ventilation as a strategy aiming to provide thermal comfort and energy efficiency in the internal environment. UFMS, (2007).

[63] F. Nicol, Adaptive thermal comfort standards in the hot-humid tropics. Energy and Buildings, vol. 36, (2004).

DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.01.016

[64] N. Artmann, M. Heinrich and P. Heiselberg, Potential for Passive Cooling of Buildings by Night-Time Ventilation in Present and Future Climates in Europe, 23rd International PLEA Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, (2006).

DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2006.05.004

[65] E. Shaviv, A. Yezioro and I.G. Capeluto, Thermal Mass and Night Ventilation the Passive Cooling Design Strategy, Israel Institute of technology, Faculty of architecture and planning of Haifa, Haifa, Israel, (2001).

DOI: 10.1016/s0960-1481(01)00027-1

[66] M. Santamouris, A. Sfakianaki and K. Pavlou, On the Efficiency of night Ventilation, Techniques Applied to Residential Buildings, Environmental Studies Group of buildings, Department of applied physics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece, (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.02.024

[67] R.M.S.F. Almeida, V.P. de Freitas, J.M.P.Q. Delgado and P. Paula (2014).

[68] P. Paula, M. Vázquez da Silva and J.M.P.Q. Delgado, Numerical Analysis of Hygrothermal Building Performance of Gypsum Houses in Different Brazilian Climates, Diffusion Foundations, v. 10, 132–148 (2017).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.10.132

[69] SINDUSGESSO. Cadbury Pole. Available at http: /www. sindusgesso. org. br (Access in 02-04-2016).

[70] C.W. Pires, N.M. Balogun, T.C. Costa and C.B. Silva, Vertical Fences in masonry of blocks of plaster for Aporticadas reinforced concrete Structures-design, implementation and performance. 52nd Brazilian concrete, Fortress, (2010).

[71] A. Santos, Hygrothermal Behavior of plaster Walls-fitness for climatic zones of Brazil, flat Thesis Submitted for Partial Satisfaction of the requirements of the Degree of doctor of Civil Engineering, Faculty of engineering of the University of porto, (2014).

[72] G.Y. Abeysundara Bael and S.A. Sgheewala, Matrix in life cycle perspective is selecting sustainable materials for buildings in Sri Lanka. Building and Environment, Vol. 44, ed. Elsevier, (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.07.005

[73] S.F. Tavares, Methodology for life cycle energy analysis of residential buildings. PhD Thesis in Civil Engineering, UFSC. Florianopolis, (2006).