Utilization of Ketapang Seed Shells in Reducing Pb(NO₃)₂ Metal Levels by Adsorption Process

Abstract:

Industrial wastes such as lead metal can cause serious problems because of their toxic nature and can pollute the environment. To reduce levels of lead metal, you can use a natural adsorbent from activated charcoal on the outer shell of ketapang seeds. The ketapang tree is a type of plant that is often found in the surrounding environment because it is used as a shade for the many falling ketapang seeds making waste in the environment to reduce environmental pollution from the falling ketapang can be used as an adsorbent because it contains cellulose and carbon elements. One alternative to reduce lead levels using adsorbents is through the adsorption process which is the process of adsorption of a solid or liquid that involves physical, chemical and electrostatic interactions between the adsorbate and the adsorbent on the surface of the adsorbent. The adsorption process using activated charcoal adsorbent is one of the most frequently used non-polar adsorbents because it has better adsorption power and surface area than other types of adsorbents. This study aims to determine the influencing variables and the optimum condition of the natural adsorbent from the activated charcoal of the outer shell of ketapang seeds on decreasing levels of metal Pb (NO3)2. The research method used is an experimental method with a two-level factorial design. The results showed that the adsorption temperature was the most influential variable in this study with an optimum yield presentation of 66.77%. The activated charcoal produced has a water content of 8%, ash content of 5.2% and an absorption capacity of methylene blue of 698 mg/g.

• Periodical: Engineering Chemistry (Volume 7)
• Pages: 51-59
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-d4sMSP
• Online since: June 2024
• Authors: Rudi Firyanto*, Retno Ambarwati, Chelsi Chika
• Keywords: Activated Charcoal, Adsorbent, Adsorption, Ketapang Seed Outer Shell, Lead Metal

References

[1] Satriani, Dewi dkk. Serbuk Dari Limbah Cangkang Telur Ayam Ras Sebagai Adsorben Terhadap Logam Timbal (Pb). UNTAD. (2017)

DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2016.v5.i3.8032

[2] Darmayanti, Rahman, N., & Supriadi. (2012). Adsorpsi timbal (Pb) dan zink (Zn) dari larutannya menggunakan arang hayati (biocharcoal) kulit pisang kepok berdasarkan variasi pH. Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 1(4), 159-165.

DOI: 10.22487/j24775185.2015.v4.i4.7870

[3] Giequel, L., Wolbert, D., & Laplanche, A. (1997). Adsorption of antrazine by powdered activated carbon, influence of dissolved organic and mineral matter of natural water. Journal Environmental Science and Technology, 18, 467-478.

DOI: 10.1080/09593330.1997.9618521

[4] Fauzi, M. A. (2010). Pembuatan karbon aktif dari sekam padi dengan aktivator H3PO4. Skripsi Teknik Kimia. Semarang: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro.

DOI: 10.32734/jtk.v6i1.1561

[5] Lestari, S. (2010). Pengaruh berat dan waktu kontak untuk adsorpsi timbal (II) oleh adsorben kulit batang jambu biji (psidium guajava L.). Jurnal Kimia Mulawarman, 8(1), 6-9.

DOI: 10.32734/jtk.v6i4.1596

[6] Gunawan, E.T., & Suhendra, D.(2010). Pembuatan karbon aktif dari sekam padi dengan aktivator H3PO4. Jurnal Makara Sains, 14(1), 22-26.

[7] Meisrilestrati, Y., Khomaini, R., & Wijayanti. (2013). Pembuatan arang aktif dari cangkang kelapa sawit dengan aktivasi secara fisika, kimia dan fisika-kimia. Jurnal Konversi, 2(1), 46-51.

DOI: 10.20527/k.v2i1.136

[8] Budi, Afian Cahyo. Pemanfaatan Biji Ketapang (Terminallia cattappa) Sebagai Bahan Dasar Tahu Dengan Subtitusi Kacang Kedelai Dan Bahan Penggumpal Asam Cuka Dan Batu Tahu Untuk Meningkatkan Ketahanan Pangan. Semarang. (2016)

DOI: 10.35891/tp.v13i1.2742

[9] Purwaningtyas, Ery Fatarina dan Khoir Fadilah. Potential of Ketapang Seed Oil (Terminalia cattapa Linn) as Basic Material Mono-diglyceride Biodegradable Surfactant. Chemical Engineering Department University of 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang. Indonesia. (2020)

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/835/1/012034

[10] Gupta S, Vishesh Y, Sarvshrestha N. et al, Adsorption isotherm studies of Methylene blue using activated carbon of waste fruit peel as an adsorbent, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 57, Part 4, (2022) 1500-1508

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.044

[11] Putri. Morphological Characteristic and Physical Environment of Terminalia Catappa in East Kalimantan. East Kalimantan: Volume 1 Issue 1. (2017)

DOI: 10.13057/asianjfor/r010105

[12] Marjenah M, The Role of Structure Canopy of Terminalia Catappa Linn. on Light Penetration and Decreasing Ambient Temperature as Climate Change Mitigation, Januari (2021)

DOI: 10.51850/wrj.2021.12.1.35-40

[13] Harun Al Rasyid, Rahmad Nasir, Kinetika Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Biji Ketapang (Terminalia Catappa L) Pada Proses Produksi Metil Ester, Jurnal Pijar Mipa, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2020) 77-87

DOI: 10.29303/jpm.v15i1.1430

[14] Baskara, Jandhel. Pengaruh Penggunaan Tumbuhan Cyperus Papyrus dan Cyperus Alternifolius Pada Proses Fitiromediasi Penurunan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) Pada Lindi TPA Tlekung Kota Batu. Malang. (2017)

DOI: 10.26740/lenterabio.v11n2.p273-283

[15] Diana Rinawati, Barlian B, Ghina T, Identifikasi Kadar Timbal (Pb) Dalam Darah Pada Petugas Operator Spbu 34-42115 Kota Serang, Jurnal Medikes, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2020) 1-8

DOI: 10.36743/medikes.v7i1.195

[16] Ilnicka A., Kamedulski P, Aly H, Manufacture of Activated Carbons Using Egyptian Wood Resources and its Application in Oligothiophene Dye Adsorption, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 13, No. 5 (2020) 5284-5291

DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.03.007

[17] Mutiara, Tintin dkk. Removal of Lead (Pb 2+) From Aqueous Solution Using Bio Adsorbent Prepared From Cassava Stem Pith. Yogyakarta. (2020)

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.981.331

[18] Widayatno, Tri dkk. Adsorpsi Logam Berat (Pb) dari Limbah Cair dengan Adsorben Arang Bambu Aktif. Program Studi Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. (2017)

DOI: 10.36441/seoi.v3i2.448

[19] Rahmayani, F., Siswarni, M.Z., Pemanfaatan Limbah Batang Jagung Sebagai Adsorben Alternatif Pada Pengurangan Kadar Klorin Dalam Air Olahan (Treated Water), Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2013) 1-5

DOI: 10.32734/jtk.v2i2.1427

[20] Susilawati, Yuan, A.S., Siti, U.R. et al, Filter material based on zeolite-activated charcoal from cocoa shells as ammonium adsorbent in greywater treatment, South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 43 (2023) 266-272

DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2022.11.006

[21] Hanjing Xue, Xuemei Wang, Qi Xu et al, Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution on activated carbons and composite prepared from an agricultural waste biomass: A comparative study by experimental and advanced modeling analysis, Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 430, Part 2 (2022)

DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132801

[22] Nafie Y.S. dkk. 2013.Pemanfaatan Arang Aktif Tempurung Lontar sebagai Adsorben Ca (II) dan Mg (II) dalam Air Sadah di Kota Kupang. Jurnal Kimia Terapan 1: 70-79.