Development of IoT Devices for Drinking Water Quality Monitoring Systems

Abstract:

To know the quality of drinking water in Indonesia, conventional method, which must be done by testing water samples in a water testing laboratory which not everyone knows where it is and takes quite a long time to get the results. For this reason, it is necessary to design a drinking water monitoring system prototype in a water tank that is easy to use using IoT technology. Sensors are used to retrieve water quality parameter data in real time and then the ESP32 microcontroller which is equipped with a WIFI module will send data to a database server which can then be downloaded and displayed via an application. The parameters monitored in this work are the pH value, electric conductivity, temperature and turbidity, following the standards of the Indonesian government for drinking water. The test results show that the prototype is working according to the design.

• Periodical: Engineering Headway (Volume 27)
• Pages: 238-245
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-n8Hm2K
• Online since: October 2025
• Authors: Nandastra Adi Dharmawan, Prapto Nugroho*, Sigit Basuki Wibowo
• Keywords: Drinking Water, Internet of Things, IoT, Quality Monitoring

References

[1] T.P. Lambrou, C.C. Anastasiou, C.G. Panayiotou, M.M. Polycarpou, A Low-Cost Sensor Network for Real-Time Monitoring and Contamination Detection in Drinking Water Distribution Systems, IEEE Sens. J. 14 (2014) 2765-2772.

DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2014.2316414

[2] T.P. Lambrou, C.C. Anastasiou, C.G. Panayiotou, A nephelometric turbidity system for monitoring residential drinking water quality, in: Sensor Networks Applications, Experimentation and Logistics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2009, pp.43-55.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-11870-8_4

[3] A. Aisopou, I. Stoianov, N. Graham, In-pipe water quality monitoring in water supply systems under steady and unsteady state flow conditions: A quantitative assessment, Water Res. 46 (2012) 235-246.

DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.058

[4] Anonim, Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010, Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2010.

[5] J. Gubbi, R. Buyya, S. Marusic, M. Palaniswami, Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions, Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 29 (2013) 1645-1660.

DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2013.01.010

[6] M.A.A. da Cruz, J.J.P.C. Rodrigues, J. Al-Muhtadi, V.V. Korotaev, V.H.C. de Albuquerque, A Reference Model for Internet of Things Middleware, IEEE Internet Things J. 5 (2018) 871-883.

DOI: 10.1109/jiot.2018.2796561

[7] S. Chopade, H.P. Gupta, R. Mishra, P. Kumari, T. Dutta, An Energy-Efficient River Water Pollution Monitoring System in Internet of Things, IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw. 5 (2021) 793-702.

DOI: 10.1109/tgcn.2021.3062470

[8] M. Kumar, T. Singh, M.K. Maurya, A. Shivhare, A. Raut, P.K. Singh, Quality Assessment and Monitoring of River Water Using IoT Infrastructure, IEEE Internet Things J. 10 (2023) 10280-10290.

DOI: 10.1109/jiot.2023.3238123

[9] L.K. Baghel, S. Gautam, V.K. Malav, S. Kumar, TEMPSENSE: LoRa Enabled Integrated Sensing and Localization Solution for Water Quality Monitoring, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 71 (2022) 95-98.

DOI: 10.1109/tim.2022.3175059

[10] H. Sui, G. Zheng, J. Zhou, H. Li, Z. Gu, Application of NB-IoT technology in city open water monitoring, in: Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Syst. Softw. Rel. (ISSSR), Chengdu, China, 2020, IEEE, pp.95-98.

DOI: 10.1109/isssr51244.2020.00023

[11] C. Correa, D. Dujovne, F. Bolano, Design and Implementation of an Embedded Edge-Processing Water Quality Monitoring System for Underground Waters, IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett. 15 (2023) 81-84.

DOI: 10.1109/les.2022.3184925

[12] A.C.D. Junior, R. Munoz, A.V.L. Neto, M.M. Hassan, V.H.C. de Albuquerque, Internet of Water Things: A Remote Raw Water Monitoring and Control System, IEEE Access 9 (2021) 35790-35800.

DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3062094

[13] A.A. Chowdhury, Y. Arafat, M.A. Alam, IoT-GSM Based Controlling and Monitoring System to Prevent Water Wastage, Water Leakage, and Pollution in the Water Supply, in: Proc. Int. Conf. Innov. Sci. Eng. Technol. (ICISET), Chittagong, Bangladesh, 2022, IEEE, pp.567-572.

DOI: 10.1109/iciset54810.2022.9775876

[14] B. Siregar, K. Menen, S. Efendy, U. Andayani, N. Rakesh, Monitoring Quality Standard of Waste Water using Wireless Sensor Network Technology for Smart Environment, in: Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. I-SMAC IoT Soc. Mobile Anal. Cloud (I-SMAC), Tangerang, Indonesia, 2018, IEEE, pp.168-173.

DOI: 10.1109/i-smac.2018.8653773

[15] B.A. Aderemi, T.O. Olwal, J.M. Ndambuki, S.S. Rwanga, A review of groundwater management models with a focus on IoT based systems, Sustainability 14 (2022) 148.

DOI: 10.3390/su14010148

[16] Y.J. Yong, et al., Toward industrial revolution 4.0: Development, validation, and application of 3D-printed IoT-based water quality monitoring system, J. Clean. Prod. 324 (2021).

[17] A.O. Nurshanty, A. Saputra, F.R. Hardjanto, M.B. Franklyn, D. Yudanegara, I.K. WAIROOY, Teknik Dalam White-box dan Black-box Testing, https://socs.binus.ac.id/2020/07/02/teknik-dalam-white-box-dan-black-box-testing, 2020, Accessed: 2020-08-01.

DOI: 10.1017/9781108974073.011