Engineering Innovations Vol. 14

Abstract: Polystyrene (PS) is widely used in industries like packaging and insulation, but its performance can be enhanced by incorporating calcium carbonate as a filler. To improve polymer-filler compatibility, calcium carbonate was surface-modified with oleic acid, and PS-calcium carbonate composites were synthesized using the melt blending method, followed by citric acid treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR analyses revealed no chemical interaction between the phases, with a reduction in calcium carbonate content due to citric acid treatment, suggesting partial dissolution of the filler. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the formation of cavities in the matrix, especially in TPS3. Hardness testing indicated a decrease in hardness with increasing oleic acid concentration, with TPS3 exhibiting the lowest hardness (63.4 Shore D). Photoluminescence measurements showed a blue shift at lower oleic acid concentrations, while higher concentrations caused a red shift and broader emission, which was stabilized by citric acid treatment. Solvent absorption tests indicated that citric acid-treated composites had an enhanced absorption capacity, with TPS3 showing 38.3 % absorption in vegetable oil, suggesting potential for adsorption applications. Overall, the oleic acid and citric acid treatments significantly modified the mechanical, morphological, and optical properties of PS-calcium carbonate composites, creating tunable materials with potential for sensing applications.

Abstract: This study investigated the potential of Kevlar aramid fiber reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties and mitigate pathologies in concrete structures. The objectives were to analyze improvements in flexural and compressive strengths and to evaluate the effectiveness of Kevlar in reducing pathological manifestations under the specific conditions and methodologies of this experiment. Experimental testing was conducted on prismatic and cylindrical concrete specimens, prepared following standard mix ratios and testing protocols. Kevlar fiber was applied to the specimens using an epoxy resin, ensuring adhesion and uniform reinforcement. The results, obtained under these controlled conditions, showed a 6.90% increase in flexural tensile strength, from 0.29 MPa to 0.31 MPa, and a 14% enhancement in compressive strength, from 14 MPa to 16 MPa. Pathological manifestations, such as crack propagation, were significantly mitigated in the reinforced specimens, demonstrating improved structural preservation and reduced degradation under tensile and compressive stresses. These findings, specific to the experimental parameters and standards employed, confirm the dual benefits of Kevlar reinforcement. The study highlights its effectiveness in improving durability, reducing maintenance demands, and extending the service life of concrete structures, reinforcing its potential as a viable solution for advanced civil construction applications.

Abstract: Buildings have become experimental grounds for architectural technology, sustainable practices, and human-centered design principles to be tested and refined. This paradigm shift has not only transformed the physical aspects of urban environments but has also redefined the relationship between architecture, end-users, and the built environment. Advancements in technology paved the way for a revolutionary approach to architecture, that involves responsiveness and adaptability to the environment, leading to the spread of the so-called Smart Architecture, buildings able to fit in with their ever-changing surroundings. Smart buildings present, in general terms, a global enhancement of their performance features, having the potential to impact the built environment in a new interacting, and engaging way, making architecture more accessible, performant, and user-friendly. This paper summarizes the results of a study aimed at identifying and classifying a sample of applications of advanced materials and technologies in the context of building envelopes, considered representative of relevant Smart Architecture solutions. The categorization will be done according to four categories: biomimicry, smart materials, kinetic elements, and 3D printed solutions. This results in a database of Smart Architecture case studies that collects brief details of each application and working principles, together with data regarding design practice, technology readiness, and economic aspects, among others.

Abstract: Pulo Aceh is a region located in the westernmost part of Indonesia. The remote location of Pulo Aceh, far from urban areas, makes transportation costs for economic activities more expensive and affects the income of the community. On the other hand, the lack of adequate infrastructure and the long transmission distance make it difficult to establish electricity from the national power company (PLN), resulting in limited electricity supply in Pulo Aceh. This study aims to assess the potential of wind and solar energy in Pulo Aceh as alternative sustainable energy sources. The study was conducted by collecting wind speed and solar radiation data for four months, from January to April. The data was analyzed to determine the energy potential that can be generated from these sources. The research results show that Pulo Aceh has significant potential for harnessing wind energy. The average wind speed during the research period reaches 4-8 m/s, which is sufficient to drive wind turbines and generate electricity ranging from 319-666 W. Furthermore, the potential of solar energy generated is also promising, with an average solar radiation intensity of 814-827 W/m² throughout the research period. Therefore, the potential of both wind and solar energy can be utilized, either in rotation or in combination (hybrid) form.

Abstract: Aceh has great potential for the development of hydropower as a sustainable energy source. However, a number of challenges must be overcome to realize this potential and ensure energy stability in the region. The study was conducted through interviews using questionnaires, and literature studies from various sources. The main causes are deteriorating infrastructure, transportation difficulties, local technology and education problems, and environmental damage due to energy infrastructure development. In addition, weak regulations, varying community standards and limits, climate change, and political stability and security are obstacles to energy development in Aceh. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze these challenges and provide strategic recommendations to mitigate the associated hazards. Hydropower development can be optimized to support energy security in Aceh with the government, private sector, local communities, and experts taking a collaborative approach.

Abstract: The Peusangan Hydropower Plant has a power capacity of 2 x 44 MW, or 88 MW from two turbines. In the context of hydropower, turbine requirements include high efficiency, capacity, appropriate power, reliability over an extended period of time, operational flexibility, ease of maintenance, and environmental considerations such as natural habitat. Discharge requirements are a significant factor that must be considered in the planning and operation of hydropower plants. In the event that the discharge requirements are not met, the hydropower plant may be damaged and unable to operate as intended. The objective of this study was to ascertain the discharge requirements of the four sectors surrounding the river and the discharge requirements for the continued availability of the Peusangan Hydropower Plant. This research process was conducted through the analysis of MHP parameters, water needs, discharge scenarios, and zoning scenarios. The results of the analysis of the effect of discharge requirements on Peusangan Hydroelectric Power Plant indicate that the discharge requirements for the four sectors in the river are divided into three. In the 500 m zoning, the required discharge is 113.42 m³/s. In the 1 km zoning, the required discharge is 138.70 m³/s, while in the 2 km zoning, the required discharge is 138.50 m³/s. The minimum discharge requirement for the Peusangan Hydroelectric Power Plant is 138.50 m³/s. The minimum discharge requirement for Peusangan Hydroelectric Power Plant in the 500 m zoning is 199.70 m³/s, while the maximum discharge is 487.78 m³/s. In the 1 km zoning, the minimum discharge requirement is 175.43 m³/s. The maximum discharge is 463.50 m³/s, while the minimum discharge in the 2 km zoning is 174.63 m³/s, with a maximum of 462.70 m³/s. These values ensure that the discharge requirements for hydropower can be met properly.

Abstract: Sterilization is a crucial process in healthcare. The environment in which it is performed plays a critical role and any change in temperature and humidity of the environment can compromise the process. In addition, the water quality is also fundamental since its contamination and hardness can cause high impact damage to surgical material and medical equipment. It is difficult for public hospitals in Honduras to control these processes, environments, and water, possibly due to factors such as limited budgets or lack of knowledge of international guidelines. It is proposed to develop a monitoring system capable of measuring environmental and water quality parameters through the implementation of IoT for sterilization units. A vast literature review and the support provided by experts in the field allowed to establish the success criteria for the development of the prototype. The V methodology was used for the mechatronic design to obtain a complete product. By means of experimentation and finally field tests were carried out to determine the components that would integrate the system and the validation of their measurements. A monitoring system was developed to measure relative humidity, temperature, dust particles and total dissolved solids in the water. These measurements were displayed on a web based Ubidots dashboard for data visualization, storage, and export. Once the measurements were obtained, a comparison with international standards was carried out to demonstrate the importance of environmental monitoring in this area.

Abstract: This paper presents the design and development of a biomimetic robot utilizing peristaltic locomotion as a method of movement. Inspired by nature, the robot addresses key limitations encountered in conventional robotic systems, such as imbalance affecting the center of mass and restricted adaptability to complex terrains. Integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology enables real-time data collection, contributing to enhanced performance and efficiency across diverse environments. The utilization of advanced 3D printing techniques facilitates rapid prototyping and customization of robot components. Experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the biomimetic approach, highlighting its potential for applications in exploration, disaster response, and healthcare. Analysis of results informs future research directions, focusing on further optimization and integration of emerging technologies to advance robotic capabilities.

Abstract: Lagoons have a great importance for society, and activities such as fishing or tourism are essential for these areas, for this reason it is important to have a monitoring system in terms of water quality. The central axis of this project was the design and implementation of a sensor network based on the Internet of Things, collecting data using an ESP32 and the Thingspeak platform for data visualization and storage. Data is analyzed using MATLAB, allowing to obtain an estimation of the water quality index of Laguna Jucutuma indicating an average rating of 40, as well as using Machine Learning techniques to obtain a models with an error margin below 3%.

Abstract: This paper addresses the critical issue of atmospheric pollution in India, underscoring the necessity for precise predictive analytics of Air Quality Index (AQI) data for effective pollution control. The study delineates the etiological factors and substantial health hazards correlated with air pollution, encompassing elevated mortality rates, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and mental health complications. The AQI is presented as a necessary component for converting complex air quality data into a single, easily understandable metric. This research aims to facilitate effective pollution control through real-time AQI monitoring and precise future predictions for timely interventions. To attain this objective, the research employs the use of boosting algorithms, like extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and an ensemble stack of XGBoost and LightGBM for AQI prediction of South Indian cities. The performance of these models was found noteworthy, with high R² scores and low root-mean-squared error (RMSE) scores, exhibiting its efficacy in providing highly accurate results. By merging technological innovation with machine learning capabilities, the research aims to equip decision-makers with actionable insights for informed pollution mitigation strategies, promoting a more sustainable environment. Keywords: Air Pollution, Air Quality Index (AQI), XGBoost, LightGBM, Ensemble Stack