Low Cost System Design to Measure and Analyze of Temperature Rise Caused by 2450 MHz RF Energy in Human Phantom Model

Abstract:

In recent years humans are more exposed to human-made fields than natural fields with developing technologies. Especially, widespread of wireless communication technologies in all areas of daily life and getting closer to sensitive organs like brain caused an increase in possible risks and worries about human health. In the study, a temperature measurement card has been designed and produced with the aim of observing the temperature rise at the phantom model generated by EM energy source. To that end, we present a study on the temperature rise of small dipole antenna (2450 MHz) that operate close to a user’s head (1, 4 and 7 cm). We found good correspondence between the temperature rise values evaluated in the phantom heads. According to the results of measure, expected temperature rise in the tissue exposed to RF energy may varies to the distance between radiated source and tissue.

• Periodical: Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (Volume 27)
• Pages: 92-102
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBBE.27.92
• Online since: May 2016
• Authors: Mesud Kahriman*, Ozlem Coskun, Esin Yavuz
• Keywords: 2450 MHz, Electromagnetic Energy, Human Head Tissue, SAR, Temperature Measurements

References

[1] IEEE recommended practice for the measurement of potentially hazardous electromagnetic fields&RF and microwave, IEEE Std C95. 3-1991, 1992; p.1.

DOI: 10.1109/ieeestd.1992.106979

[2] Ahlbom A, Bergqvist U, Bernhardt J, Cesarini J, Grandolfo M, Hietanen M, Mckinlay A, Repacholi M, Sliney D, and Stolwijk J. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Health Physics 1998; 74: 494-522.

DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e3181aff9db

[3] IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz, IEEE Std C95. 1-1991, 1992; p.1.

DOI: 10.1109/ieeestd.2006.99501

[4] Ozen S and Cerezci O. A model of thermal analysis on biological tissues exposed to microwaves. presented at the URSI 2002 (UNION RADIO SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL), Istanbul Turkey, (2002).

[5] Cheng G, Zhang G, Zhang, G, Zhang X, Yan L, Bao Y. The research of biomagnetic effect on Ganoderma lucidum fermentation gathering germanium. Energy Educ Sci Tech-A 2012; 30 (1): 325-330.

[6] Chen HY and Wang HH. Current and SAR induced in a human head model by the electromagnetic fields irradiated from a cellular phone. Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 1994; 4: 2249-2254.

DOI: 10.1109/22.339749

[7] Ibrahiem A, Dale C, Tabbara W, and Wiart J. Analysis of the temperature increase linked to the power induced by RF source. Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 2005; 52: 23-46.

DOI: 10.2528/pier04062501

[8] Huilin F, Zhongli S. Microwave heating-based analysis method for the coal moisture content. Energy Educ Sci Tech-A 2011; 28 (1): 293-300.

[9] Challis L. Mechanisms for interaction between RF fields and biological tissue. Bioelectromagnetics, 2005; 26: S98-S106.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.20119

[10] Ozen S, Onural AS, Comlekci S, and Cerezci O. Experimental determination of heat rise and SAR occurred by 900 MHz EM radiation on human brain by using brain phantom model. Gazi University Journal Of Science, 2004; 17: 127-132.

[11] Chou CK, Guy A, Kunz L, Johnson R, Crowley J, and Krupp J. Long‐term, low‐level microwave irradiation of rats. Bioelectromagnetics, 1992; 13: 469-496.

DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250130605

[12] Mittleman E, Osborne S, and Coulter J. Shortwave diathermy power absorption and deep tissue temperature. Archives of Physical Therapy, 1941; 22: 133-139.

[13] Cogan D, Fricker S, Lubin M, Donaldson D, and Hardy H. Cataracts and ultra-high-frequency radiation. AMA Archives of Industrial Health, 1958; 18: 299.

[14] Woodward J, Timmel C, McLauchlan K, and Hore P. Radio frequency magnetic field effects on electron-hole recombination, Physical Review Letters, 2001; 87: 77602: 1- 077602: 4.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.077602

[15] Kahriman M, Cerezci O, and Demir Z. Measure and compare the results of electromagnetic fields from mobile phone, Sakarya University Journal of Science, 2001; 5: 7-11.

[16] Polat LN, Kahriman M, and Comlekci S. Creating head model by using 3-D pattern and evaluation of SAR mapping with numerical methods, BIYOMUT 2010, Antalya/Turkey.

DOI: 10.1109/biyomut.2010.5479752

[17] Wang J, Saito T, and Fujiwara O. Uncertainty evaluation of dosimetry due to plastic holder for restraining small animal in in vivo near field exposure setup. Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on, 2004; 46: 263-267.

DOI: 10.1109/temc.2004.826879

[18] Yurekli AI, Ozkan M, Kalkan T, Saybasili H, Tuncel H, Atukeren P, Gumustas K, Seker S. GSM base station electromagnetic radiation and oxidative stress in rats. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2006; 25: 177-188.

DOI: 10.1080/15368370600875042

[19] Tattersall JEH, Scott IR, Wood SJ, Nettell JJ, Bevir MK, Wang Z, Somasiri NP, and Chen X. Effects of low intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on electrical activity in rat hippocampal slices. Brain research, 2001; 904: 43-53.

DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02434-9

[20] Betta G, Capriglione D, and Pasquino N. Experimental investigation on workers' exposure to electromagnetic fields in proximity of magnetic resonance imaging systems. Measurement, 2012; 45: 199-206.

DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2011.03.001

[21] Dou W and Chia M. E-shaped planar inverted-F antenna with low-absorption for triple-band operation in cellular phones. International Journal of Electronics, 2001; 88: 575-585.

DOI: 10.1080/00207210110041515

[22] Kuster N and Balzano Q. Energy absorption mechanism by biological bodies in the near field of dipole antennas above 300 MHz. Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, 1992; 41: 17-23.

DOI: 10.1109/25.120141

[23] Chen HY and Yang HP. Temperature increase in human heads due to different models of cellular phones. Electromagnetics, 2006; 26: 439-459.

DOI: 10.1080/02726340600837891

[24] Razmadze A, Shoshiashvili L, Kakulia D, Zaridze R, Bit-Babik G, and Faraone A. Influence of specific absorption rate averaging schemes on correlation between mass-averaged specific absorption rate and temperature rise. Electromagnetics, 2009; 29; 77-90.

DOI: 10.1080/02726340802530088

[25] Dubcova L, Solin P, Cerveny J, and Kus P. Space and time adaptive two-mesh hp-finite element method for transient microwave heating problems. Electromagnetics, 2010; 30: 23-40.

DOI: 10.1080/02726340903485257

[26] Sukru O. Theoretically and experimental investigation of thermal effect in biological tissues exposed to microwave frequency em radiation. Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Science, Sakarya University (2003).