Hydroxyapatite Matrix Composites by Hot Isostatic Pressing: Part 1. Alumina Fibre Reinforced

Abstract:

Fracture Toughness Improvement of the Hydroxyapatite Matrix Composite, to a Level Comparable to that of Natural Bone for in Vivo Applications, Was the Aim of the Present Work. Hot Isostatic Press Using a Graphite/stainless Steel Encapsulation System Enabled the Production of Fully Dense Decomposition-Free Hap with Toughness Improvements of: 2.4 Times (Al2O3 Fibres, Optimally 20 Vol%). Glass Encapsulation of Fibre-Reinforced Hap Resulted in Aeration from Sample Volatilization. Further, it Was Found that the Hap Decomposition Temperature Was Higher at 100 Mpa (the Hiping Pressure) than for Pressureless Sintering. the Toughening Effect of the Al2o3 Fibre Additive Induced Plastic Deformation and Ductile Fracture.

• Periodical: Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (Volume 15)
• Pages: 73-83
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBTE.15.73
• Online since: October 2012
• Authors: N. Ehsani, A.J. Ruys, C.C. Sorrell

References

[1] L. L Hench. Bioceramic: From Concept to Clinic. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74 (7), 1487-510, (1991).

[2] M. J Jarcho. Calcium Phosphate Ceramics as Hard Tissue Prosthetics. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., (157), 259-78 (1981).

[3] N. Monmaturapoj, C. Yatongchai. Effect of Sintering on Microstructure and Properties of Hydroxyapatite Produced by Different Synthesizing Methods. J. Metals, Mater. Minerals, 20 (2), 53-61, (2010).

[4] J. Majling, P. Zn‏áik, A. Palov‏á, S. Svet‏ík, S. Koval‏ík, D. K Agrawal, R. Roy. Sintering of the ultrahigh pressure densified hydroxyapatite monolithic xerogels. J. Mater. Res., 12 (1), 198-202, (1997).

DOI: 10.1557/jmr.1997.0026

[5] J. A Delgado, L. Morejón, S. Mart‏ínez, M. P Ginebra, N. Carlsson, E. Fern‏ández, J. A Planell, M. T Clavaguera-Mora, J. Rodr‏íguez-Viejo. Zirconia-toughened hydroxyapatite ceramic obtained by wet sintering. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 10 (12), 715-19, (1999).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.192-195.151

[6] A. M Knepper, B. K Milthorpe, S. Morica. Interdiffusion in short-fibre reinforced hydroxyapatite ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 9 (10), 589-96, (1998).

[7] A. A White, I. A Kinloch, A. H Windle, S. M Best. Optimization of the sintering atmosphere for high-density hydroxyapatite-carbon nanotube composites. J. R. Soc. Interface, 7 (Supp 5), S529-39, (2010).

DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0117.focus

[8] F. N Oktar, S. Agathopoulos, L. S Ozyegin, O. Gunduz, N. Demikol, Y. Bozkurt, S. Salman. Mechanical properties of bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) composites doped with SiO2, MgO, Al2O3, and ZrO2. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 18 (11), 2137-43, (2007).

DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3200-9

[9] Y. Nayak, R. P Rana, S. K Pratihar, S. Bhattacharyya. Pressureless sintering of dense hydroxyapatite-zirconia composites. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 19 (6), 2437-44, (2008).

DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3371-z

[10] D. J Curran, T. J Fleming, G. Kawachi, M. R Towler. Characterisation and mechanical testing of hydrothermally treated HA/ZrO2 composites. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 20 (11), 2235-41, (2009).

DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3801-6

[11] S. Hesaraki, T. Ebadzadeh, S. Ahmadzadeh-Asl. Nanosilicon carbide/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites: structural, mechanical and in vitro cellular properties. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 21 (7), 2141-9, (2010).

DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4068-7

[12] O. Gunduz, E. M Erkan, S. Daglilar, S. Salman, S. Agathopoulos, F. N Oktar. Composites of bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) and ZnO. J. Mater. Sci., 43 (8), 2536-40, (2008).

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-008-2497-1

[13] R. Ramachandra Rao, T. S Kannan. Synthesis and sintering of hydroxyapatite-zirconia composites. Materials Science and Engineering C, 20 (1-2), 187-193, (2002).

DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4931(02)00031-0

[14] S. L Shi, W. Pan. Machinable Ti3SiC2 /Hydroxyapatite Bioceramic Composites by Spark Plasma Sintering. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 (10), 3331-33, (2007).

DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01882.x

[15] W. R Weinand, F.F. R Goncalves, W. M Lima. Effect of Sintering Temperature in Physical-Mechanical Behaviour and in Titanium-Hydroxyapatite Composite Sinterability. Materials Science Forum, 530-531, 249, (2006).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.249

[16] K. A Zeigler, A. J Ruys, C. C Sorrell, B. K Milthorpe, A. Brandwood. Interfacial Analysis of Hydroxyapatite-Particulate Addition Composites. pp.623-28 In Ceramics: Adding the Value, Volume 2 (proceedings of the International Ceramic Conference, Austceram 92). Edited by M. J Bannister. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, (1992).

[17] A. J Ruys, K. A Zeigler, B. K Milthorpe, C. C Sorrell. Hydroxylapatite-Ceramic/Metal Composites: Quantification of Additive-Induced Dehydration. pp.591-97 in Ceramics: Adding the Value, Volume 1. Edited by M.J. Bannister. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, (1992).

[18] K. A Zeigler, A. J Ruys, C. C Sorrell. Interdiffusion in Hydroxyapatite Composites. pp.175-84 in Proceedings of the 3rd Australian Forum on Metal Matrix Composites. Edited by S. Bandyopadhyay and A. G Crosky. IMMA, Sydney, (1992).

[19] K. Yabuta, H. Nishio, A. Kitamura, K. Uematsu. Sialon ceramics by the hot isostatic press encapsulation method. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 10 (19), 1144-45, (2011).

DOI: 10.1007/bf00744108

[20] S. Tanaka, K. Itatani, H. Uchida, M. Aizawa, I. Okada, I. J Davies, H. Suemasu, A. Nozue. The effect of rare-earth oxide addition on the hot-pressing of magnesium silicon nitride. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 22 (5), 777-783, (2002).

DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2219(01)00380-6

[21] S. Tanaka, K. Itatani, H. Uchida, M. Aizawa, I. Okada, I. J Davies, H. Suemasu, A. Nozue. The effect of rare-earth oxide addition on the hot-pressing of magnesium silicon nitride. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 22 (5), 777-83, (2002).

DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2219(01)00380-6

[22] S. M Naga, M. Awaad, H. F El-Maghraby, W. H Eisa, M. Abou el Ezz, F. Sommer, R. Gadow. Fabrication, Microstructure and Properties of Hot-Pressed Nd: YAG Ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 3 (1), 35-40, (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.02.070

[23] F. Meschke, N. Claussen, G. De Portu, J. Rödel. Preparation of high-strength (Mg, Y)-partially stabilised zirconia by hot isostatic pressing. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 17 (6), 843-850, (1997).

DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2219(96)00136-7

[24] A. Muñoz, J. Martínez, M. A Monge, B. Savoini, R. Pareja, A. Radulescu. SANS evidence for the dispersion of nanoparticles in W-1Y2O3 and W-1La2O3 processed by hot isostatic pressing. Int. J. Refractory Metals Hard Materials, 33, 6-9, (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2012.01.010

[25] Y. Muraoka, M. Yoshinaka, K. Hirota, O. Yamaguchi. Hot isostatic pressing of TiB2-ZrO2 (2 mol% Y2O3) composite powders. Mater. Res. Bull., 31 (7), 787-792, (1996).

DOI: 10.1016/0025-5408(96)00069-4

[26] Z. H Ching, D. Zhang, I.W. M Brown. Pressureless sintering and hot isostatic pressing of Ti3Al-Al2O3 interpenetrating composites. Int. J. Modern Physics B, 20, 3848-53, (2006).

DOI: 10.1142/s0217979206040477

[27] M. Yoshinaka, K. Hirota, M. Ito, H. Takano, O. Yamaguchi. Hot Isostatic Pressing of Reactive SnO2 Powder. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82 (1), 216-218, (1999).

DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01746.x

[28] K. Hirota, Y. Takano, M. Yoshinaka, O. Yamaguchi. Hot Isostatic Pressing of Chromium Nitrides (Cr2N and CrN) Prepared by Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 (9), 2120-22, (2001).

DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00969.x

[29] S. Ishihara, H. Gu, B. Joachim, F. Aldinger, F. Waka. Densification of Precursor-Derived Si-C-N Ceramics by High-Pressure Hot Isostatic Pressing. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 85 (7), 1706-12, (2002).

DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00339.x

[30] V. Martínez, J. Echeberria. Hot Isostatic Pressing of Cubic Boron Nitride-Tungsten Carbide/Cobalt (cBN-WC/Co) Composites: Effect of cBN Particle Size and Some Processing Parameters on their Microstructure and Properties. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90 (2), 415-24, (2007).

DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01426.x

[31] E. Schüller, O. A Hamed, M. Bram, D. Sebold, H. P Buchkremer, D. Stöver. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) of Elemental Powder Mixtures and Prealloyed Powder for NiTi Shape Memory Parts. Adv. Eng. Mater., 6 (12), 918-24, (2003).

DOI: 10.1002/adem.200300366

[32] H. T Laker. Hot Isostatic Pressing - Characteristics and Prospects in Industrial Use. pp.329-37 in High Pressure Science and AIRPT Conference. Edited by B. Vodar and Ph. Marteau. Pergamon, Oxford, (1980).

[33] H. T Larker. Hot Isostatic Pressing. pp.194-201 in Engineering Materials Handbook. 4 Ceramics and Glasses. ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, (1991).

[34] H. T Larkar, J, Adlerborn, H. Bohman. Fabrication of Dense Silicon Nitride Parts by Hot Isostatic Pressing. 770335, Society of Automotive Engineers, (1977).

DOI: 10.4271/770335

[35] J. Adlerborn, H. T Laker. Method of Manufacturing Bodies of Silicon Nitride. U.S. Patent No. 4, 455, 274. (November 1974).

[36] J. Romp. Method of Making Sintered Hard Metal Alloys. U.S. Patent No. 2, 263, 520 (November 1938).

[37] N. Claussen, K. H Heussner, R. Janssen, E. Lutz, N.A. Travitsky. White HIPing of Oxide Ceramics. pp.395-97 in Hot Isostatic Pressing-Theories and Applications. Edited by T. Garvare. CENTEK Publishers, (1988).

[38] K. Uematsu, M. Takagi, T. Honda, N. Uchida, K. Saito. Transparent Hydroxyapatite Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing of Filter Cake. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72 (8), 1476-78 (1989).

DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb07680.x

[39] M. Akao, H. Aoki, K. Kato. Mechanical Properties of Sintered Hydroxyapatite for Prosthetic Applications. J. Mater. Sci., 16 (3), 809-12, (1981).

DOI: 10.1007/bf02402799

[40] K. Ioku, S. Somiya, M. Yoshimura. Dense/Porous Layered Apatite Ceramics Prepared by HIP Post-Sintering. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 8 (10), 1203-04, (1989).

DOI: 10.1007/bf01730070

[41] K. Hirota, T. Hasegawa, H. Monma. Densification of Hydroxyapatite by Hot Isostatic Pressing. J. Ceram. Soc. Japan. Int. Ed., 90 (11), 680-82, (1982).

DOI: 10.2109/jcersj1950.90.1047_680

[42] J. Li, L. Hermansson. Mechanical Evaluation of Hot Isostatically Pressed Hydroxyapatite. Interceram, 39 (2), 13-15, (1990).

[43] S. Best, W. Bonfield, C. Doyle. Optimisation of Toughness in Dense Hydroxyapatite Ceramics. pp.57-64 in Bioceramics, Volume 2 (Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Ceramics in Medicine). Edited by G. Heimke. German Ceramic Society, Cologne, (1990).

[44] A. J Ruys, K. A Zeigler, O. C Standard, A. Brandwood, B. K Milthorpe, C. C Sorrell. Hydroxyapatite Sintering Phenomena: Densification and Dehydration Behaviour. pp.605-10 in Ceramics: Adding the Value, Volume 2. Edited by M. J Bannister. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, (1992).

[45] N. Ehsani. A. J Ruys, C. C Sorrell. Thixotropic Casting of Fecralloyâ - Fibre Reinforced Hydroxyapatite. Key Eng. Mater., 104-107 (1), 373-80, (1995).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.104-107.373

[46] W. Bonfield. Advances in the Fracture Mechanics of Cortical Bone. J. Biomech., 20 (11-12), 1071-81, (1987).

[47] J. C Behiri, W. Bonfield. Fracture Mechanics of Bone - The Effect of Density, Specimen Thickness and Crack Velocity on Longitudinal Fracture. J. Biomech., 17 (1), 25-34, (1984).

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9290(84)90076-9

[48] The American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM-E399, 1990. Standard Test Method For Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials.

DOI: 10.1520/stp33670s

[49] The American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM-E992-84 1989. Standard Practice for Determination of Fracture Toughness of Steels Using Equivalent Energy Methodology.

[50] J. C Behiri, W. Bonfield. Crack Velocity Dependence of Longitudinal Fracture in Bone. J. Mater. Sci., 15 (7), 1841-49, (1980).

DOI: 10.1007/bf00550605

[51] R. Pampuch. Constitution and Properties of Ceramic Materials; Material Science Monographs, 58. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, (1991).

[52] G. De With, A. J Corbijn. Metal Fibre Reinforced Hydroxy-apatite Ceramics. J. Mater. Sci., 24 (9), 3411-15, (1989).

DOI: 10.1007/bf01139073

[53] D. R Flynn. Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics. pp.20-60 in Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Ceramics. National Bureau of Standards Special Publications, Maryland, USA, (1968).

[54] R. W Rice. Mechanisms of Toughening in Ceramic Matrix Composites. Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 2 (5-6), 661-81 (1981).