Characterization and Degradation Behaviour of Anodized Magnesium-Hydroxyapatite Metal Matrix Composites

Abstract:

Recently, magnesium (Mg) alloys have inspired a significant amount of attention from researchers all over the world for implant applications due to their light weight, mechanical integrity and degradation behaviour. The major concerns with Mg implants are its rapid and non-uniform degradation, which can increase the risk of leached ions and can cause premature failure. In this study, Mg based alloys/metal matrix composites (MgZnCa/HA) were mechanically and electrochemically (anodized) surface treated. In-vitro corrosion tests revealed that the addition of hydroxyapatite (HA) and anodizing, stabilizes the corrosion process and lowers hydrogen evolution. Evidence of reduced degradation was provided by the presence of a relatively smooth surface morphology after corrosion. Furthermore, exposure of leached ions on osteoblast cells indicated good cytocompatibility.

• Periodical: Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (Volume 16)
• Pages: 55-69
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBTE.16.55
• Online since: December 2012
• Authors: P. Gill, N. Munroe, A. McGoron
• Keywords: Anodizing, Corrosion, Cytocompatibility, Hydroxyapatite (HAP), Magnesium

References

[1] P. Gill, N. Munroe, R. Dua, S. Ramaswamy. Corrosion and Biocompatibility Assessment of Magnesium Alloys. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, (2012), 3, 10-13.

DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2012.31002

[2] C. K Seal, K. Vince, M. A Hodgson. Biodegradable surgical implants based on magnesium alloys - A review of current research. IOP Conf. Series : Materials Science and Engineering, (2009), 4 (1), 012011.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/4/1/012011

[3] Z. Li. Mg/Hydroxyapatite composites for potential bio-medical applications, (2010), Thesis submitted for the degree of M. Phil at the Brunel University.

[4] X. Ye, M. Chen, M. Yang, J. Wei, D. Liu. In vitro corrosion resistance and cytocompatibility of nano-hydroxyapatite reinforced Mg-Zn-Zr composites. J Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., (2010), 21, 1321-28.

DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3954-3

[5] W. Wacker, A. Parisi, Magnesium metabolism. N. Engl. J. Med., (1968) 278, 712-17.

[6] K. W Guo. A Review of Magnesium/Magnesium Alloys Corrosion and its Protection. Recent Patents on Corrosion Science, (2010), 2, 13-21.

DOI: 10.2174/1877610801002010013

[7] A. C Hänzi, I. Gerber, M. Schinhammer, J. F Löffler, P. J Uggowitzer. On the in vitro and in vivo degradation performance and biological response of new biodegradable Mg-Y-Zn alloys. Acta Biomater., (2010), 6 (5), 1824-33.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.008

[8] ASTM G102-89 (1999), Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements. DOI: 10. 1520/G0102-89R99.

[9] ASTM G31-72 (2004), Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals. DOI: 10. 1520/G0031-72R04.

[10] L. Xu, E. Zhang, D. Yin, S. Zeng, K. Yang, In vitro corrosion behaviour of Mg alloys in a phosphate buffered solution for bone implant application, J Mater Sci: Mater Med., (2008), 19, 1017-25.

DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3219-y

[11] P. Gill, N. Munroe. In-vitro corrosion studies of bioabsorbable alloys. In: Magnesium Technology 2012, (eds S. N Mathaudhu, W. H Sillekens, N. R Neelameggham, N. Hort), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA.

DOI: 10.1002/9781118359228.ch87

[12] Z. Li, X. Gu, S. Lou, Y. Zheng. The development of binary Mg-Ca alloys for use as biodegradable materials within bone. Biomaterials (2008), 29 (10), 1329-44.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.021

[13] X. B Tian, C. B Wei, S. Q Yang, F.K. Y Fu, P. K Chu. Corrosion Resistance improvement of Magnesium alloy using nitrogen plasma ion implantation. Surf Coat. Technol., (2005), 198 (1-3), 454-58.

DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.10.117

[14] Xin Yunchang, Degradation mechanism and surface modification of biomedical magnesium alloy. PhD thesis, City University of Hong Kong, August (2009).

[15] Z. Shi, G. Song, A. Atrens. The corrosion performance of anodized magnesium alloys. Corrosion Science, (2006), 48 (11), 3531-46.

DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2006.02.008

[16] C. O Brubaker, Z. K Liu. A computational thermodynamic model of the Ca-Mg-Zn system. J. Alloys Compd., (2004), 370 (1-2), 114-22.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.08.097

[17] Z. Tao, C. Ding, C. Zhen-Hua: Microstructures and properties of rapidly solidified Mg-Zn-Ca alloys. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2008, 18, 101-106.

DOI: 10.1016/s1003-6326(10)60183-5

[18] B. Feng, J. Y Chen, S. K Qi, L. He, J. Z Zhao, X. D Zhang. Characterization of surface oxide films on titanium and bioactivity. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., (2002), 13, 457-64.

[19] J. M Schakenraad, H. C van der Mei, P. G Rouxhet, H. J Busscher. Characterization of eukaryotic cell surfaces prior to and after serum protein adsorption by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy fibroblasts, HELA epithelial and smooth muscle cells. Cell Biochem. Biophys., (1992).

DOI: 10.1007/bf02782654

[20] P. Gill, N. Munroe, R. Dua, S. Ramaswamy. In-vitro Degradation and Cytocompatibility Assessment of Mg-Zn and Mg-Zn-Ca Alloys. Materials and Processes for Medical Devices (MPMD), Aug 8-10, 2011, MN, USA.

[21] M. Alvarez-Lopez, M. D Pereda, J. A de Valle, M. Fernandez-Lorenzo, M. C Garcia-Alonso, O. A Ruano, M. L Escudero. Corrosion behaviour of AZ31 magnesium alloy with different grain sizes in simulated biological fluids. Acta Biomaterialia, (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.04.041

[22] G. Song, S. Song. A Possible Biodegradable Magnesium Implant Material. Adv. Eng. Mater., (2007), 9 (4), 298-302.

DOI: 10.1002/adem.200600252

[23] L. L Li, Y. L Cheng, H. M Wang, Z. Zhang. Anodization of AZ91 magnesium alloy in alkaline solution containing silicate and corrosion properties of anodized films. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China, (2008), 18 (3), 722-27.

DOI: 10.1016/s1003-6326(08)60124-7

[24] G. Song. Control of biodegradation of biocompatible magnesium alloys. Corrosion Science, (2007), 49 (4), 1696-1701.

DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2007.01.001

[25] B. Zberg, P. J Uggowitzer, J. F Löffler. MgZnCa glasses without clinically observable hydrogen evolution for biodegradable implants. Nature Materials, (2009), 8, 887-91.

DOI: 10.1038/nmat2542

[26] M. P Staiger, A. M Pietak, J. Huadmai, G. Dias. Magnesium and its alloys as orthopaedic biomaterials: A review. Biomaterials, (2006), 27 (9), 1728-34.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.10.003

[27] X. Gu, Y. Zheng, Y. Cheng, S. Zhong, T. Xi. In vitro corrosion and biocompatibility of binary magnesium alloys. Biomaterials, (2009), 30 (4), 484-98.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.10.021

[28] M. Bodansky. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on saponin haemolysis. J Biol. Chem., (1929), 82 (3), 567-77.

[29] Y. Wang, C. S Lim, C. V Lim, M. S Yong, E. K Teo, L. N Moh. In vitro degradation behaviour of M1A magnesium alloy in protein-containing simulated body fluid. Materials Science and Engineering C, (2011), 31 (3), 579-587.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2010.11.017

[30] S. Oh, C. Daraio, L. H Chen, T. R Pisanic, R. R Finones, S. Jin. Significantly accelerated osteoblast cell growth on aligned TiO2 nanotubes. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, (2006), 78A (1), 97-103.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30722

[31] P. Gill. Assessment of Biodegradable Magnesium Alloys for Enhanced Mechanical and Biocompatible Properties. FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations, (2012). Paper 714.