Isolation and Characterization Lignin of Sugar Palm Fruit Shell by Klason Method

Abstract:

Sugar palm fruit shell is one of the biomass wastes that contains lignocellulose. Lignin is a valuable material that can be earned from the isolation of lignocellulosic material. In this work, lignin was isolated from palm fruit shell waste by Klason method with 72% sulfuric acid after removing free extractive by soxhlation process. The isolated lignin was analyzed to determine the functional groups, surface morphology, and thermal stability using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray. This work aimed to isolate and characterize lignin from palm sugar fruit shells. The yield of lignin in this experiment was 27%. The water content, ash, and lignin pH obtained were 4.50%, 3.41% and 9.98. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy spectra showed the many functional groups contained in lignin, such as carbonyl, hydroxyl, amine, ether, methoxy, and aromatic components. The Scanning Electron Microscopy showed a rough and porous surface. The Energy Dispersive X-ray showed the elemental composition in lignin, such as carbon, oxygen, and some inorganic elements. The Thermogravimetric Analysis showed that weight loss of lignin reached 47.948 % or 5.082 mg at 600°C. The characteristics of lignin obtained from sugar palm fruit shell by Klason showed that it had potency as a good material for further application.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 1001)
• Pages: 125-133
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-u00LHw
• Online since: December 2024
• Authors: Ruka Yulia, Husni Husin*, Muhammad Zaki, Jakfar Jakfar, Sulastri Sulastri, Ahmadi Ahmadi
• Keywords: Free Extractive, Klason, Lignin, Soxthletation, Sugar Palm Fruit Shell

References

[1] Admin, "Ekspor Kolang Kaling Dari Indonesia," Jangkar Group, 2023. https://jangkargroups.co.id/ekspor-kolang-kaling-dari-indonesia/

DOI: 10.36499/psnst.v12i1.7365

[2] E. Galiwango, N. S. A. Rahman, A. H. Al-Marzouqi, M. M. Abu-Omar, and A. A. Khaleel, "Klason Method : an effective method for isolation of lignin fractions from date palm biomass waste," Chem. Process Eng. Res., vol. 57, p.46–58, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/CPER/article/view/41830/43079

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02937

[3] L. Maulinda et al., "Effects of temperature and times on the product distribution of bio-oils derived from Typha latifolia pyrolysis as renewable energy," Results Eng., vol. 18, no. March, p.101163, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101163

[4] M. A. Rahman, "Karakterisasi Lignin dari Pelepah Pisang Cavendish (Musa Acuminata Colla) dari Daerah Sukabumi yang Diperoleh dengan Metode Klason," Pros. Farm., vol. 5, no. 2, p.686–690, 2019.

[5] L. Maulinda et al., "The Influence of Pyrolysis Time and Temperature on the Composition and Properties of Bio-Oil Prepared from Tanjong Leaves (Mimusops elengi)," Sustain., vol. 15, no. 18, p.1–17, 2023.

DOI: 10.3390/su151813851

[6] M. S. Ganewatta, H. N. Lokupitiya, and C. Tang, "Lignin biopolymers in the age of controlled polymerization," Polymers (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 7, 2019.

DOI: 10.3390/polym11071176

[7] S. Hidayati, W. Satyajaya, and A. Fudholi, "Lignin isolation from black liquor from oil palm empty fruit bunch using acid," J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 9, no. 5, p.11382–11391, 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.08.023

[8] S. Zhang, Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Pan, and L. Tao, "Adsorption of methylene blue on organosolv lignin from rice straw," Procedia Environ. Sci., vol. 31, p.3–11, 2016.

DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2016.02.001

[9] Saisa, Kasturi, H. Husin, and Mahidin, "Increased Cellulose Levels in Organosolv Pretreatment Process in Bioethanol Production," J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1232, no. 1, 2019.

DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1232/1/012003

[10] S. Saisa, H. Husin, and M. Mahidin, "Konversi Oil Palm Frond (OPF) Sebagai Bahan Baku Bioetanol Dengan Proses Pretreatment Organosolv dan Hidrolisa Asam," Talent. Conf. Ser. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no. 1, p.66–71, 2019.

DOI: 10.32734/st.v2i1.315

[11] S. Latebo, A. Bekele, T. Abeto, and J. Kasule, "Optimization of transesterification process and characterization of biodiesel from soapstock using silica sulfuric acid as a heterogeneous solid acid catalyst," J. Eng. Res., vol. 10, no. 1, p.78–100, 2022.

DOI: 10.36909/jer.12003

[12] M. Nikolic, C. Marleny, I. Johannsen, and J. Iruthayaraj, "Copper adsorption on lignin for the removal of hydrogen sulfide," Molecules, vol. 25, no. 5577, p.1–12, 2020, doi:.

DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235577

[13] hotni lamtiar, E. Yenie, and yelmida, "Isolasi lignin dari jerami padi dengan metode Klason," JOM Tek., vol. 2, no. 2, p.1–9, 2015.

[14] J. Li, "Isolation of lignin from wood," Saimaa University of Applied Sciences, Imatra, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://theseus17-kk.lib.helsinki.fi/handle/10024/37903

[15] H. Yu, J. Wang, J. xia Yu, Y. Wang, and R. an Chi, "Adsorption performance and stability of the modified straws and their extracts of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose for Pb2+: pH effect," Arab. J. Chem., vol. 13, no. 12, p.9019–9033, Dec. 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.024

[16] D. J. Horst, J. J. Ramírez Behainne, P. P. de Andrade Júnior, and J. L. Kovaleski, "An experimental comparison of lignin yield from the Klason and Willstatter extraction methods," Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 23, no. 1, p.78–84, 2014.

DOI: 10.1016/j.esd.2014.07.005

[17] G. Syahbirin, "Pemanfaatan lignin kraft dari lindi hitam pabrik pulp untuk pembuatan natrium lignosulfonat dan sulfonat hidroksimetil fenol lignin asam sulfat sebagai bahan pendispersi," IPB (Bogor Agricultural Institute), 2009.

DOI: 10.20886/jphh.2004.22.3.143-154

[18] R. Setiati, D. Wahyuningrum, and S. Kasmungin, "Analisa Spektrum Infra Red Pada Proses Sintesa Lignin Ampas Tebu Menjadi Surfaktan Lignosulfonat," Semin. Nas. Cendekiawan, p.1–11, 2016.

[19] P. Kusumo, S. Biyono, and S. Tegar, "Isolasi Lignin dari Serbuk Grajen Kayu Jati ( Tectona Grandis ) dengan Metode Klasson," J. Tek. Media Pengemb. Ilmu dan Apl. Tek., vol. 19, no. 02, p.130–139, 2020.

DOI: 10.26874/jt.vol19no02.158

[20] R. Setiati, D. Wahyuningrum, S. Siregar, and T. Marhaendrajana, "Optimasi pemisahan ampas tebu dengan menggunakan natrium hidroksida," Ethos (Jurnal Penelit. dan Pengabdi. Masyarakat), vol. 4, no. 2, p.257–264, 2016.

DOI: 10.29313/ethos.v0i0.1970

[21] R. Rowell, R. Pettersen, and M. Tshabalala, Cell Wall Chemistry. CRC Press, 2012.

DOI: 10.1201/b12487-5

[22] N. Sylvia et al., "Characterization of Bottom Ash Waste Adsorbent from Palm Oil Plant Boiler Burning Process to Adsorb Carbon Dioxide in a Fixed Bed Column," Indones. J. Chem., vol. 21, no. 6, p.1454–1462, 2021.

DOI: 10.22146/IJC.66509

[23] F. Fitriani et al., "Waste peel of durian as solid cataysts for biodiesel production," IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 845, no. 1, 2020.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/845/1/012033

[24] S. Maliki, C. M. Rosnelly, A. Adisalamun, H. Husin, and N. Bilqis, "Removal of Fe (II) in groundwater using rice husk-sourced biosorbent in continuous column adsorption," J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1402, no. 5, 2019.

DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1402/5/055007

[25] F. L. Pua, Z. Fang, S. Zakaria, F. Guo, and C. H. Chia, "Direct production of biodiesel from high-acid value Jatropha oil with solid acid catalyst derived from lignin," Biotechnol. Biofuels, vol. 4, no. December, 2011.

DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-56

[26] M. Lopes, M. E. Carneiro, P. H. G. de Cademartori, S. Nisgoski, and G. I. B. de Muniz, "Extraction and characterization of two residual lignins from eucalyptus wood," Cienc. Florest., vol. 33, no. 2, p.1–19, 2023.

DOI: 10.5902/1980509868976

[27] N. T. Farrokh, H. Suopajärvi, P. Sulasalmi, and T. Fabritius, "A thermogravimetric analysis of lignin char combustion," Energy Procedia, vol. 158, p.1241–1248, 2019.

DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.413

[28] L. Costes et al., "Phosphorus and nitrogen derivatization as efficient route for improvement of lignin flame retardant action in PLA," Eur. Polym. J., vol. 84, p.652–667, 2016.

DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.003

[29] C. Liu, H. Wang, A. M. Karim, J. Sun, and Y. Wang, "Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass," Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 43, no. 22, p.7594–7623, 2014.

DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60414d