Binder Jetting of Co-Cr-Mo Alloys for Biomedical Applications: A Tribocorrosion Perspective

Article Preview

Abstract:

This paper investigates tribocorrosion properties of binder jet additive-manufactured Co-Cr-Mo (F75) parts. Various parameters, including sintering atmosphere and post heat treatment processing, were examined to understand their effect on open circuit potential, friction, wear coefficient, and hardness. Results demonstrated that samples sintered in N2-5%H2 atmosphere have more noble potential up to-0.13V and lower wear coefficient down to 4.85e-6 mm3/N.m in comparison with samples sintered in vacuum. Solutionizing and aging (SHT-A) significantly increases hardness up to 626HV and lowers wear coefficient which means that the sample is more resistant to wear compared to as-sintered (AS) samples. However, heat-treated samples present slightly lower initial potential which means that these samples are more chemically active. This is because of the phase transformation of the matrix from FCC Co (γ phase) in AS condition to HCP Co (ε phase) + Co-Cr intermetallic (σ phase) in SHT-A condition, and different precipitate (carbides and nitrides) formation between these samples.

You might also be interested in these eBooks

Info:

Periodical:

Pages:

31-36

Citation:

Online since:

January 2026

Export:

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Permissions PLS:

Сopyright:

© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

[1] Chakraborty A, Tangestani R, Esmati K, Sabiston T, Yuan L, Martin É. Mitigating inherent micro-cracking in laser additively manufactured RENÉ 108 thin-wall components. Thin-Walled Structures 2023;184:110514.

DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2022.110514

Google Scholar

[2] Kohar CP, Martin É, Connolly DS, Patil S, Krutz N, Wei D, et al. A new and efficient thermo-elasto-viscoplastic numerical implementation for implicit finite element simulations of powder metals: An application to hot isostatic pressing. Int J Mech Sci 2019;155:222–34.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2019.01.046

Google Scholar

[3] Martin É, Muhammad W, Detor AJ, Spinelli I, Wessman A, Wei D. "Strain-annealed" grain boundary engineering process investigated in Hastelloy-X. Materialia (Oxf) 2020;9:100544.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100544

Google Scholar

[4] Takaichi A, Kajima Y, Kittikundecha N, Htat HL, Wai Cho HH, Hanawa T, et al. Effect of heat treatment on the anisotropic microstructural and mechanical properties of Co–Cr–Mo alloys produced by selective laser melting. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020;102:103496.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103496

Google Scholar

[5] Tangestani R, Chakraborty A, Sabiston T, Yuan L, Ghasri-Khouzani M, Martin É. Multi-scale model to simulate stress directionality in laser powder bed fusion: Application to thin-wall part failure. Mater Des 2023;232:112147.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112147

Google Scholar

[6] Batmaz R, Zardoshtian A, Sabiston TD, Tangestani R, Chakraborty A, Krutz N, et al. An Investigation into Sinterability Improvements of 316L Binder Jet Printed Parts. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci 2022;53:915–26.

DOI: 10.1007/s11661-021-06564-3

Google Scholar

[7] Daviran G, Mahmoud SMAS, Kalidindi SR, Poursaee A. Investigation of kinetics of passive layer formation on various microstructures in thermo-mechanically treated steel in simulated concrete pore solution. Materialia (Oxf) 2024;38:102277.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2024.102277

Google Scholar

[8] Martin E, Jiang L, Godet S, Jonas JJ. The combined effect of static recrystallization and twinning on texture in magnesium alloys AM30 and AZ31. International Journal of Materials Research 2009;100:576–83.

DOI: 10.3139/146.110060

Google Scholar

[9] Zeynivandnejad M, Moradi M, Sadeghi A. Mechanical, physical, and degradation properties of 3D printed PLA + Mg composites. J Manuf Process 2023;101:234–44.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2023.05.099

Google Scholar

[10] Im S, Ghasri-Khouzani M, Muhammad W, Batmaz R, Esmati K, Chakraborty A, et al. Evaluation of Different Sintering Agents for Binder Jetting of Aluminum Alloy. J Mater Eng Perform 2023;32:9550–60.

DOI: 10.1007/s11665-023-07829-1

Google Scholar

[11] Ghasri-Khouzani M, Karimialavijeh H, Pröbstle M, Batmaz R, Muhammad W, Chakraborty A, et al. Processability and characterization of A20X aluminum alloy fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Mater Today Commun 2023;35:105555.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105555

Google Scholar

[12] Karimialavijeh H, Ghasri-Khouzani M, Das A, Pröebstle M, Martin. Effect of laser contour scan parameters on fatigue performance of A20X fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Int J Fatigue 2023;175:107775.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2023.107775

Google Scholar

[13] Zhang LC, Liu Y. Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications. Additive Manufacturing of Emerging Materials 2019:179–96.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91713-9_5

Google Scholar

[14] Vaicelyte A, Janssen C, Borgne M Le, Grosgogeat B. Cobalt–Chromium Dental Alloys: Metal Exposures, Toxicological Risks, CMR Classification, and EU Regulatory Framework. Crystals 2020, Vol 10, Page 1151 2020;10:1151.

DOI: 10.3390/cryst10121151

Google Scholar

[15] Delaunay C, Petit I, Learmonth ID, Oger P, Vendittoli PA. Metal-on-metal bearings total hip arthroplasty: The cobalt and chromium ions release concern. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research 2010;96:894–904.

DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2010.05.008

Google Scholar

[16] Muhammad W, Batmaz R, Natarajan A, Martin E. Effect of binder jetting microstructure variability on low cycle fatigue behavior of 316L. Materials Science and Engineering: A 2022; 839: 142820.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.142820

Google Scholar

[17] Dini F, Ghaffari SA, Jafar J, Hamidreza R, Marjan S. A review of binder jet process parameters; powder, binder, printing and sintering condition. 2021;75:95–100.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mprp.2019.05.001

Google Scholar

[18] Toh WQ, Tan X, Bhowmik A, Liu E, Tor SB. Tribochemical Characterization and Tribocorrosive Behavior of CoCrMo Alloys: A Review. Materials 2018, Vol 11, Page 30 2017; 11:30.

DOI: 10.3390/ma11010030

Google Scholar

[19] Moradi M, Karimialavijeh H, Bitar-Nehme E, Martin E. Printability and Green Mechanical Properties of Binder Jet Additive Manufactured Co–Cr–Mo Parts 2025:275–85.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-80748-0_24

Google Scholar

[20] Esmati K, Chakraborty A, Pendurti S, Natarajan A, Martin É. Anisotropic sintering behavior of stainless steel 316L printed by binder jetting additive manufacturing. Mater Today Commun 2024; 41:110528.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.110528

Google Scholar

[21] Pasco J, Jiang L, Dorin T, Keshavarzkermani A, He Y, Aranas C. Phase transformation in additively manufactured Co-Cr-Mo alloy after solution and aging heat treatment. Mater Charact 2024; 207:113467.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2023.113467

Google Scholar

[22] Bettini E, Eriksson T, Boström M, Leygraf C, Pan J. Influence of metal carbides on dissolution behavior of biomedical CoCrMo alloy: SEM, TEM and AFM studies. Electrochim Acta 2011; 56: 9413–9.

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.028

Google Scholar

[23] Turrubiates-Estrada R, Salinas-Rodriguez A, Lopez HF. FCC to HCP transformation kinetics in a Co-27Cr-5Mo-0.23C alloy. J Mater Sci 2011;46:254–62.

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-010-4969-3

Google Scholar

[24] Bettini E, Leygraf C, Lin C, Liu P, Pan J. Influence of Grain Boundaries on Dissolution Behavior of a Biomedical CoCrMo Alloy: In-Situ Electrochemical-Optical, AFM and SEM/TEM Studies. J Electrochem Soc 2012;159:C422–7.

DOI: 10.1149/2.056209jes

Google Scholar

[25] Bettini E, Leygraf C, Pan J. Nature of Current Increase for a CoCrMo Alloy: "transpassive" Dissolution vs. Water Oxidation. Int J Electrochem Sci 2013;8:11791–804.

DOI: 10.1016/s1452-3981(23)13222-6

Google Scholar