Paper Titles
The Machinability of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion with Different Build Orientations in Thermal Assisted Machining
p.3
Investigation of 3D Printing Parameters on Cooling Rate, Crystallinity, and Tensile Properties of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate
p.13
Comprehensive Nonlinear Vibration Analysis of PLA Cantilever Plates: Analytical, Numerical, and Experimental Approaches
p.25
The Role of Nanoparticle Additives in Droplet Combustion of Biodiesel Blend Fuel : A Review
p.39
The Role of CaO Additive in Biodiesel a Review
p.47
Comprehensive Review of the Chemical Reactivity of B40 in Premixed Combustion Systems: Integration of Molecular Simulations and Thermal Experiments
p.55
Preparation of Activated Carbon from Juvenile Durian Fruit by Activating KMnO4 for Methylene Blue Adsorption
p.65
Comparative Photocatalytic Performance of Pullulan-Assisted Copper Oxide, Zinc Oxide, and their Composites for Methylene Blue Degradation
p.71
Cu/Mn Oxidation Catalyst Integration into Recycled Carbon Fiber-Based Filter for Diesel Soot Emission Control
p.77

The Role of CaO Additive in Biodiesel a Review

Article Preview

Abstract:

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly and renewable alternative fuel; however, it continues to face technical challenges related to oxidative stability, combustion efficiency, and exhaust emissions. One widely studied solution involves the use of fuel additives, particularly calcium oxide (CaO). CaO possesses strong basicity, high thermal stability, and notable catalytic activity, making it applicable in both the production and application stages of biodiesel. As a heterogeneous catalyst, CaO accelerates the transesterification process, enhancing biodiesel conversion efficiency. It also acts as an adsorbent, removing water, free fatty acids, and other impurities, thereby improving fuel purity and storage stability. Moreover, CaO contributes to more efficient combustion and has been shown to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Despite these benefits, challenges remain, including the risk of residue formation and engine deposits. Recent studies highlight the superior performance of CaO, particularly in nanoparticle form, compared to other inorganic additives. Future research should focus on surface modification strategies, dosage optimization, and long-term engine performance assessments. With proper engineering approaches, CaO holds significant potential to support the development of more efficient, stable, and sustainable biodiesel formulations for cleaner energy applications.

You might also be interested in these eBooks
Additive Manufacturing, Biodiesel, Pollutants Removal and Water Treatment View Preview

Info:

Periodical:

Key Engineering Materials (Volume 1052)

Pages:

47-54

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-UYVz92

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

May 2026

Authors:

Subroto Subroto*, Marwan Effendy, Pramuko Ilmu Purboputro

Keywords:

Additive, Biodiesel, CaO

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

References

[1] T. W. B. Riyadi et al., "Biodiesel for HCCI engine: Prospects and challenges of sustainability biodiesel for energy transition," Results Eng., vol. 17, no. November 2022, p.100916, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.100916

Google Scholar

[2] F. Aibuedefe, K. Osaro, and E. Tina, "Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment Process optimization for blended waste frying oil in biodiesel production using CaO derived from African periwinkle shell catalyst through response surface methodology," Sustain. Chem. Environ., vol. 4, no. March, p.100042, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scenv.2023.100042

Google Scholar

[3] R. Manurung, S. Z. D. M. Parinduri, R. Hasibuan, B. H. Tarigan, and A. G. A. Siregar, "Synthesis of nano-CaO catalyst with SiO2 matrix based on palm shell ash as catalyst support for one cycle developed in the palm biodiesel process," Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., vol. 7, no. April, p.100345, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100345

Google Scholar

[4] L. K. Kathumbi, P. G. Home, J. M. Raude, and B. B. Gathitu, "Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel from black soldier fly larvae: Effects of synthesizing catalysts with citric acid," Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 11, p. e21354, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21354

Google Scholar

[5] P. Vignesh, V. Jayaseelan, P. Pugazhendiran, M. S. Prakash, and K. Sudhakar, "Nature-inspired nano-additives for Biofuel application – A Review," Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, vol. 12. 2022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100360

Google Scholar

[6] S. F. Basumatary et al., "Advances in CaO-based catalysts for sustainable biodiesel synthesis," Green Energy Resour., vol. 1, no. 3, p.100032, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.gerr.2023.100032

Google Scholar

[7] W. M. Kedir, K. T. Wondimu, and G. S. Weldegrum, "Optimization and characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using modified CaO catalyst derived from snail shell," Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 5, p. e16475, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16475

Google Scholar

[8] F. A. Aisien, K. O. Uwadiae, and E. T. Aisien, "Process optimization for blended waste frying oil in biodiesel production using CaO derived from African periwinkle shell catalyst through response surface methodology," Sustain. Chem. Environ., vol. 4, no. March, p.100042, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scenv.2023.100042

Google Scholar

[9] N. Abdul Rahim, M. Rosdzimin Abdul Rahman, K. Amali Bin Ahmad, A. Rahim Mat Sarip, S. Hasbullah, and A. Suhel, "Analysis of waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCO) synthesis with TiO2 impregnated CaO from waste shells nano-catalyst," Mater. Today Proc., no. August, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.08.197

Google Scholar

[10] P. Saetiao, N. Kongrit, C. K. Cheng, J. Jitjamnong, C. Direksilp, and N. Khantikulanon, "Catalytic conversion of palm oil into sustainable biodiesel using rice straw ash supported-calcium oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst: Process simulation and techno-economic analysis," Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., vol. 8, no. July, p.100432, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100432

Google Scholar

[11] Y. A. Sihombing, Susilawati, S. U. Rahayu, and M. D. Situmeang, "Effect of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in chitosan/Pahae natural zeolite-based polymer electrolyte membranes for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications," Mater. Sci. Energy Technol., vol. 6, p.252–259, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mset.2023.01.002

Google Scholar

[12] A. Boretti, "Advantages and Disadvantages of Diesel Single and Dual-Fuel Engines," Front. Mech. Eng., vol. 5, no. December, p.1–15, 2019.

DOI: 10.3389/fmech.2019.00064

Google Scholar

[13] D. G. Cantrell, L. J. Gillie, A. F. Lee, and K. Wilson, "Structure-reactivity correlations in MgAl hydrotalcite catalysts for biodiesel synthesis," Appl. Catal. A Gen., vol. 287, no. 2, p.183–190, 2005.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2005.03.027

Google Scholar

[14] A. Suhel et al., "Impact of ZnO nanoparticles as additive on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with waste plastic oil," Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 4, p. e14782, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14782

Google Scholar

[15] E. S. Astuti, A. A. ad Sonief, M. Sarosa, N. Ngafwan, and I. N. G. Wardana, "Synthesis, characterization and energy gap of silica quantum dots from rice husk," Bioresour. Technol. Reports, vol. 20, no. 167, p.101263, 2022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2022.101263

Google Scholar

[16] H. A. Dhahad, S. A. Ali, and M. T. Chaichan, "Combustion analysis and performance characteristics of compression ignition engines with diesel fuel supplemented with nano-TiO2 and nano-Al2O3," Case Stud. Therm. Eng., vol. 20, no. March, p.100651, 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2020.100651

Google Scholar

[17] C. Jit et al., "Improving the combustion and emission performance of a diesel engine powered with mahua biodiesel and TiO 2 nanoparticles additive," Alexandria Eng. J., vol. 72, p.387–398, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2023.03.070

Google Scholar

[18] Y. Pal, S. N. Mahottamananda, S. S, S. K. Palateerdham, and A. Ingenito, "Thermal decomposition kinetics and combustion performance of paraffin-based fuel in the presence of CeO2 catalyst," FirePhysChem, vol. 3, no. 3, p.217–226, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.10.005

Google Scholar

[19] J. B. Ooi, H. M. Ismail, B. T. Tan, and X. Wang, "Effects of graphite oxide and single-walled carbon nanotubes as diesel additives on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a light-duty diesel engine," Energy, vol. 161, p.70–80, 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.062

Google Scholar

[20] R. Rajasekar and P. Naveenchandran, "Performance and emission analysis of di diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel with al2o3nano additives," Mater. Today Proc., vol. 47, p.345–350, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.04.514

Google Scholar

[21] H. A. Dhahad, A. M. Hasan, M. T. Chaichan, and H. A. Kazem, "Prognostic of diesel engine emissions and performance based on an intelligent technique for nanoparticle additives," Energy, vol. 238, p.121855, 2022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121855

Google Scholar

[22] N. Bai, W. Fan, and R. Zhang, "Mixing and combustion performance of the mixing-enhanced flame stabilizer with close-coupled gaseous fuel injection," Energy Reports, vol. 9, p.25–33, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.04.038

Google Scholar

[23] B. Dharmalingam, S. Ramalingam, A. Santhoshkumar, M. Paulraj Gundupalli, and M. Sriariyanun, "A review on different additives and advanced injection strategy on diesel engine characteristics fuelled with first, second and third generation biodiesel," Mater. Today Proc., vol. 72, p.2909–2914, 2023.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.439

Google Scholar