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Dynamic Thermal Aging Testing in Aqueous Systems with Polymer-Amended Waste K+- Rich Bentonite Composites: Water-Based Drilling Fluid Application

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Abstract:

This research evaluates a waste K⁺-rich bentonite from the Polycanthos quarry in Cyprus for its application in water-based drilling fluids. Although bentonite is generally known for its exceptional swelling and colloidal properties, this specific waste material possesses a unique composition. It is dominated by K⁺-rich montmorillonite and beidellite derived from illite/smectite mixed-clay layers. This composition renders conventional Na2CO3 activation insufficient to meet American Petroleum Institute (API) standards due to inadequate colloid formation. To overcome this limitation, polymer additives were incorporated to form composites with the Na2CO3-activated bentonite. Of the two polymer groups tested, Xanthan Gum and Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), at a concentration of 1.5 g per 22.5 g of bentonite in 350 mL of fluid, yielded the most favorable results. These composite systems were subjected to dynamic thermal aging for 16 hours to assess their rheological stability under prolonged high-temperature conditions. Rheological properties, including viscosity, plastic viscosity (PV), and yield point (YP), were measured using Couette viscometry. Both composites satisfied API requirements, and the CMC-bentonite composite exhibited superior colloidal stability at temperatures up to 100°C. This study concludes that polymer additives can effectively enhance the performance of the waste bentonite for drilling applications, including under extreme thermal conditions. This enhancement method allows the waste bentonite to meet industrial standards while simultaneously supporting circular economy principles, thus contributing to environmental and economic sustainability.

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Periodical:

Key Engineering Materials (Volume 1060)

Pages:

105-113

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-1jDEFx

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Online since:

July 2026

Authors:

Youstina Ramsis*, Ernestos Sarris, Stylianos Karagkiozis, Demetris Vattis

Keywords:

API Standards, Circular Economy, Dynamic Thermal Aging, Polymer-Bentonite Composites, Waste K+- Rich Bentonite, Water-Based Drilling Fluids

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© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

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