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Paper Title Page
Abstract: The use of 3D osteoconductive scaffolds provides an informative substrate serving as a
physical support matrix for in vivo tissue regeneration. In the last few years the use of
bioengineered 3D scaffolds has been becoming the most promising experimental approach for the
regeneration of living tissues. Stem cells are typically used, in combination with 3D substrates, to
promote in vivo bone regeneration and repair. For tissue engineering applications, biomaterials
should therefore be able to support the functional properties of osteo-progenitor cells, giving them
the optimal microenvironment to perform their physiological activity. Inorganic biomaterials are
particularly relevant for bone regeneration; calcium phosphate ceramics have in fact been shown to
strongly interact with bone tissue. The aim of the present work was to evaluate two different
scaffolds with a defined design and different composition developed to guide/promote tissue repair.
943
Abstract: The complex porous materials, Hydroxyapatite(HA)/silk fibroin, were prepared using
ultrasonic vibration gel method in this paper. The mechanical properties decreased with the increase
of HA while the porosity increased. The pore size become bigger than 100μm when adding silk fiber
in the complex materials, and the breaking energy increased evidently from 10 to 1000 J/m2 when
fiber content increased from 0 to 4 wt.%. It was observed from SEM that all composites have
interconnected micropores.
947
Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate whether porous titanium (Ti) having
Young’s modulus similar to bone has osteoconductive characteristics in rat critical-sized calvarial
bone defect. The effect of coating by octacalcium phosphate (OCP) was also examined. OCP is
known as a precursor of initial mineral crystals of biological apatite in bones and teeth. Ti powder was
prepared by plasma rotating electrode process in an Ar atmosphere. Then, porous Ti disks, 8 mm in
diameter with 1 mm thick, were obtained using the particles ranging from 300 to 500 +m, by sintering
at 1573 K without applied pressure. The disks had about 35 vol% in porosity and about 10 GPa in
Young’s modulus which corresponds to that of human cortical bone. Newly formed bone was
observed so as to fill the pore up at 12 weeks, confirming the ability to conduct the ingrowths of the
bone tissue. Although in vitro study showed that proliferation of mouse bone marrow stromal ST-2
cells was inhibited on the dishes coated by OCP rather than the control dish, OCP coating on porous
Ti seemed to stimulate the bone formation in vivo. Taken together, it seems likely that porous Ti
having Young’s modulus similar to bone shows osteoconductive characteristics to conduct bone
ingrowths. OCP could be a potential coating agent to assist bone regeneration on porous Ti.
951
Abstract: Porous HA/TCP bioceramics were immersed in pure dog serum to observe apatite
formation. Deposited crystals were examined using SEM. Results showed that beamed sheet-like
crystals formed on the surface of ceramics granules, and after postponement immersion time, crystals
extended and became bigger. EDS and IR results suggested formed crystals were defect-calcium type
carbonated hydroxyapatite. HRTEM photograph suggested formation process of new-formed
crystals from non-crystal to crystal in serum. Directional organisms acted maybe as a template in
process of crystals formation, so new crystals developed along certain direction.
955
Abstract: A new method of design and manufacturing of bone graft substitutes is introduced. For
the first time it is possible to prepare bone graft substitutes with a directed and controlled pore
structure. Furthermore, the formation of sophisticated geometries is feasible. First in vitro
investigations with cell cultures show a vital cell growing on the synthetic bone graft material.
Numerous applications are possible.
959
Abstract: Bone tissue engineering is a promising way to repair of bone defects. To choose a proper
scaffold is still a disputable problem in bone tissue engineering. This study aimed to compare the
effects of repairing critical calvarial defects with the compounds of autogenous bone marrow stromal
cells (BMSCs) and coral hydroxyapatite(CHA), hydroxyapatite/ tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP),
poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and alginate (AG). The results showed that CHA and AG were
satisfactory bone tissues engineering scaffolds among the four kinds of materials. BMSCs/CHA and
BMSCs/AG are promising techniques for reconstruction of bone defects.
963
Abstract: A porous structure comprises pores and pore throats with a complex three-dimensional
network structure, and many investigators have described the relationship between average pore
size and the amount of bone ingrowth. However, the influence of network structure or pore throats
for tissue ingrowth has rarely been discussed. Bioactive porous titanium implants with 48%
porosity were analyzed using specific algorithms for three-dimensional analysis of interconnectivity
based on a micro focus X-ray computed tomography system. In vivo histological analysis was
performed using the very same implants implanted into the femoral condyles of male rabbits for 6
weeks. This matching study revealed that more poorly differentiated pores tended to have narrow
pore throats, especially in their shorter routes to the outside. Data obtained suggest that this sort of
novel analysis is useful for evaluating bone and tissue ingrowth into porous biomaterials.
967
Abstract: The porous scaffolds of silk fibroin-chitosan /nano-hydroxyapatite (SF-CS / n-HA) were
fabricated through the freeze- drying technique. Component, structure and morphology of scaffolds
were studied by infrared (IR), X-ray diffusion (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and
the mechanical properties of the scaffolds were measured. The simulated body fluid (SBF)
experiments were conducted to assess the bioactivity of the scaffolds. Results indicate that chemical
binding is formed between HA and organics, the macropore diameter of the scaffolds varies from
150 to 400μm. The porous scaffolds with interconnected pores possess a high porosity of 78%-91%
and compressive strength of 0.26 -1.96MPa, which can be controlled by adjusting the concentration
of organic phases and prefreezing temperature. In the SBF tests, a layer of randomly oriented
bone-like apatite crystals formed on the scaffold surface, which suggested that the composite
material had good bioactivity. Studies suggest the feasibility of using SF-CS /n-HA composite
scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
971
Abstract: An environmentally friendly direct foaming method was investigated to produce porous
alumina ceramics. Egg white protein was used as a binder and foaming agent. The microstructures
show that pores are interconnected with pore size of a few hundreds μm and pore window size of ca.
50 μm. The compressive strength of alumina foam is up to 100 MPa depending on porosity.
Bioactivation of alumina was carried out using an alkaline solution treatment. Hydroxylation of
alumina was achieved using 5M NaOH at 80°C for 4 days. In vitro assessments of the alumina in a
human osteoblast cell-like cell (MG63) culture showed that the bioactivated alumina foams
exhibited better cellularity and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity compared to untreated alumina
foams. The results indicate that it is possible to improve the osseointgration of alumina ceramics by
structural and surface modifications and to extend the applications of biocompatible alumina
ceramics in biomedical implants and tissue engineering scaffolds.
975
Abstract: Porous CaO-P2O5-SiO2 monolithics with double-pore structure were prepared from
tetraethoxysilane, triethylephosphate and calcium nitrate by a sol-gel method. Polyethylene glycol
and starch were used as mesopore-making agent and as macropore-making agent, respectively. The
porous monolithics, having mesopores with ~20 nm pore size and macropores with 7~20 μm pore
size, could be formed from the removal of organic components after heated at 600°C for 2 hours.
After soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C for 7 days, bonelike apatite was formed on the
surface of the samples. The porous samples were degraded gradually in SBF solution.
979