Key Engineering Materials
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Paper Title Page
Abstract: Three types of calcium-deficient apatite fibers (Ca-def AF) were synthesized by a
homogeneous precipitation method using starting solution with Ca/P ratios of 1.00, 1.50 and 1.67,
and then the resulting fibers were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and SEM. Especially, the
microstructure including strain and defect of individual Ca-def AF was examined by transmission
electron microscopy (TEM). All the resulting Ca-def AFs had a single phase of apatite, and
contained carbonate ions. These fibers were of single crystal, and highly strained. However, when
Ca-def AFs were heated to higher than 800 °C, they changed to HAp and TCP biphases. The
content of the carbonate group in the Ca-def AFs decreased with heating temperature.
147
Abstract: There is a clinical need for synthetic scaffolds that will promote bone regeneration.
Important factors include obtaining an optimal porosity and size of interconnecting macropores
whilst maintaining scaffold mechanical strength, enabling complete penetration of cells and
nutrients throughout the scaffold, preventing the formation of necrotic tissue in the centre of the
scaffold. To address this we investigated flexural strength of bimodal porous apatite ceramics
prepared using apatite slurry and its slurry synthesis was studied. Slips with different contents of
HAp (K-HAp and T-HAp) and deflocculant were prepared by milling in a pot mill. The viscosity of
slurries made of commercial T-HAp powder showed a drop after 3 hours’ milling, but the viscosity
of slurry with high solid content of k-HAp and 2.0 wt% deflocculant increased with an increase of
milling time after 2 hours’ milling. The porosity and flexural strength of the porous HAp prepared
by heating the foam dipped in K-HAp slip with 2.0 wt% of deflocculant and 0.5wt% of foaming
regent heated at 1200°C were 62.4 % and 14.7 MPa, and those in T-HAp were 59.7 % and 15.2
MPa with 1.5 wt% of deflocculant and 0.5wt% of foaming regent heated at 1200°C.
151
Abstract: A edible cuttlefish(Zoological name : Sepia esculenta) bone has a porous structure with
all pores interconnected The purpose of this research is to develop porous hydroxyapatite prepared
by hydrothermal treatment from cuttlefish bone and evaluate the biocompatibility using
undecalcified materials through the in-vivo test of rabbits. In this study, the phase and substructure
of a porous hydroxyapatite, prepared by hydrothermal treatment using edible cuttlefish bone as a
calcium source, has been confirmed by X-ray diffractometer and scanning electronic microscope.
After preparing the specimens with 5mm diameter and 7mm length, the specimens were implanted
into the femoral condyles of rabbits. Each rabbits were sacrificed at each time period of 1, 2, 3, 4
weeks after operation, respectively and the stained section was examined by a transmission light
microscope. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the edible cuttlefish bone was confirm for aragonite
phase and of the sample after hydrothermal treatment showed mostly into hydroxyapatite phase.
There was more bone density increase in porous HA rod around implant site than natural edible
cuttlefish bone. Because the edible cuttlefish bone is a very pure and good calcium source, porous
hydroxyapatite developed from this study is expected to be a biomaterial having a good
biocompatibility to be used as a suitable bone substitute.
155
Abstract: Zinc substituted hydroxyapatite of varying wt% was produced using a precipitation
method based on reacting calcium and zinc nitrate with ammonium phosphate. Characterisation
results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) showed that zinc
was successfully substituted up to 0.8wt% using this method. Rietveld analysis showed that the alattice
parameter was reduced and c-lattice parameter was increased with increasing zinc content.
Initial mechanical test results showed samples with a zinc content of 0.4% had the greatest
compressive strength.
159
Abstract: We fabricated a small α-TCP ceramic unit having four pods, named “Tetra-bone”
employing a ceramic injection molding. Tetra-bone can keep uniform concave geometry among the
pods as well as immobilizing each other. Owing to the monotony of Tetra-bone, weight of Tetrabones
used can be converted into the number of Tetra-bones, volume that can be filled with Tetrabones,
and the number of functional structures. By using Tetra-bones, bone defects can be filled
with intentional geometry that helps to discuss the relation between geometric features of pores and
bone formation.
163
Abstract: Bioactivity of biomaterials is recognized to be of importance and the behavior of
nanosized HA and β-TCP particles is described and compared. The study focuses on the influence
of the phase transformation and grain size on the reprecipitation of calcium phosphate and the
effect of immersion time in SBF on the surface characteristics of the samples. The HA and β-TCP
samples were fabricated by mixing the powders in a ball mill, drying, uniaxial pressing and
sintering at 1150oC for 240 minute using fixed heating and cooling rates. The densified samples
were then immersed in a simulated body fluid (SBF) for controlled periods of time in order to
investigate their bioactivities. Changes in the surface structure were examined to investigate and
characterize phase formation and the chemical functionality of the samples.
167
Abstract: Hydroxyapatite powders characterized by substitutions of Mg2+, SiO4
4-, CO3
2- ions in
biological like amounts, in the crystallographic site of calcium and phosphates, ions in biological
like amounts, in the crystallographic site of calcium and phosphorus, were successfully prepared by
synthesis in aqueous medium. The chemico-physical properties of the powders were investigated
through several analytical techniques, among them: XRD, FTIR, TG-DTA, ICP-OES, HR-TEM. The
entering of silicon in the HA structure progressively reduces its crystallinity, as also carbonate ions
do. Silicate and carbonate ions can enter simultaneously into the HA structure, in biological-like
amounts, although they compete for the occupation of the phosphate site. Solubility tests, carried
out at physiological conditions, reveal an increased calcium release in the HA powders containing
silicon compared to the silicon-free HA.
171
Abstract: Silicon substituted Hydroxyapatite coatings were prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition
from targets made of mixtures of Hydroxyapatite with Si powder at different concentrations. The
properties of the Si-HA coatings with several degrees of Si substitution were analyzed by different
techniques such as FTIR, XRD, XPS and solid-state NMR. It was found that the Si incorporation
causes an amorphization of the structure together with a loss of carbonate groups. Furthermore, the
Si atoms are incorporated in the form of SiO4
4- groups, and H(PO4)2- appears as the predominant
phosphate group.
175
Abstract: Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic scaffolds are extensively used to induct the tissue
growth for bone repair and replacement, and serve functions to support the adhesion, transfer,
proliferation and differentiation of cells. Highly porous structure is always expected for its positive
effect on the bone regeneration in vivo, nevertheless high porosity always accompanies a decrease in
strength of the HA ceramic scaffolds. Therefore, it is significant to improve the strength of the HA
ceramic scaffolds with highly interconnected porosity so that they are more suitable in clinic
applications. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of starting materials on mechanical
property of final scaffold in order to optimize the preparation process. In this work, three starting
HA particles with different morphologies are used to prepare highly porous HA ceramic scaffolds by
the polymer impregnation approach in the same preparation process. The phase composition,
microstructure and mechanical properties of the sintered porous HA scaffolds are investigated by
x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compressive test. The
experimental results show that the particle morphologies have influence on the slurry viscosity and
further affect the coating amount on the sponge. The porous HA ceramics fabricated by spherical
HA particle hold the highest compressive strength than the other two HA scaffolds for better
sintering property. It is an effectively method to improve the mechanical property of porous HA
ceramic scaffolds by optimizing the starting particle morphology.
179
Abstract: Recently the creation of calcium compounds with a highly controlled ultrastructure is
noted as next generation materials for biomedical applications. Here we propose the novel method
for synthsizing calcium nanoparticles using iron strange protein, apoferritin. Apoferritin was
incubated in saturated Ca(HCO3)2 solution at 18 °C. Temperature of the reaction solution was then
increased to 37 °C and left for 2 hours to make CaCO3 sedimentated. After removing the sediments
in the bulk solution by centrifugation, the supernatant was concentrated. Saturated Ca(HCO3)2 was
added to it and the mixed solution was incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. This process was repeated
four times. With a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), nearly spherical particles with a
diameter of about 6 nm were observed to form in the cavity of apoferritin. The nanoparticles were
observed to have a lattice structure of spacing about 0.22 nm with high resolution TEM. With
Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, the peak of Ca (Kα; 3.7 keV) was detected
from a synthesized nanoparticle. According to the solvent condition, nanoparticles formed in the
apoferritin cavity would be CaCO3.
183