The Influence of Mercerised Kenaf Fibres Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites on Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

Abstract:

The potential of using cellulose to reinforce the thermal stability of kenaf derived cellulose (KDC)/polylactic acid (PLA) composite was investigated in this study. The cellulose was derived from kenaf bast fibre which was chemically treated via chlorination and mercerisation processes. The composites with various loadings of cellulose (dry weight basis) ranging from 0% to 60% were produced by melt mixing and compression moulding. Dynamic mechanical properties namely storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”) and tan δ of the KDC/PLA composites and the commercial PLA were analysed and compared as a function of temperature. ESEM micrographs demonstrated that the mercerisation of kenaf fibres have successfully removed the lignin and hemicellulose, thus producing cellulose which can be observed by its rougher surface and greater size reduction than the raw fibre. The DMA results demonstrated that the storage modulus of 60% KDC/PLA composite is twice higher than the commercial PLA and the rest of the composites within a high temperature range (above 80°C). The glass transition temperatures (Tg) generated from the loss modulus curves exhibit that the peak of the loss modulus was shifted to higher temperature as the percentage of the cellulose loading was increased. These results show a better thermal stability of the composites when incorporated with the cellulose.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volumes 471-472)
• Pages: 815-820
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.471-472.815
• Online since: February 2011
• Authors: Rosnita A. Talib, Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal, Abdan Khalina
• Keywords: Cellulose, DMA, ESEM, Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), Thermal Stability

References

[1] Information on: http: /www. ids-publishing. com/publishing/europe/EUROPEN/Packaging_ Industry_Trade_Organization/13_0/g_supplier. html.

[2] R. Auras, B. Harte, and S. Selke: Macromolecular Bioscience Vol. 4 (2004), pp.835-864.

[3] P.R. Gruber: Industrial Ecology Vol. 7 (2003), pp.209-213.

[4] D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt and J. Randall, in: Natural Fibers, Biopolymers and Biocomposites, edited by A. K. Mohanty, M. Misra and L.T. Drzal CRC Press, London (2005), pp.528-568.

DOI: 10.1201/9780203508206.ch16

[5] K. Oksman, M. Skrifvars and J.F. Selin: Composites Science and Technology Vol. 63 (2003), pp.1317-1324.

DOI: 10.1016/s0266-3538(03)00103-9

[6] M.S. Huda, L.T. Drzal, A.K. Mohanty and M. Misra: Composites Science and Technology Vol. 68 (2008), pp.424-432.

[7] A.K. Bledzki, A. Jaszkiewicz and D. Scherzer: Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing Vol. 40 (2009), pp.404-412.

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.01.002

[8] Information on: http: /www. introp. upm. edu. my/PDF/intropica1. pdf.

[9] I.S. Aji, S.M. Sapuan, E. S Zainudin and K. Abdan: International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Vol. 4 (2009), pp.239-248.

[10] A. Ashori, J. Harun, W.D. Raverty and M.N.M. Yusoff: Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering Vol. 45 (2006), pp.131-134.

DOI: 10.1080/03602550500373782

[11] T. Nishino, K. Hirao, M. Kotera, K. Nakamae and H. Inagaki: Composites Science and Technology Vol. 63 (2003), pp.1281-1286.

DOI: 10.1016/s0266-3538(03)00099-x

[12] N.A. Ibrahim, W.M.Z. Wan Yunus, M. Osman, K. Abdan and A. Hadithon: Reinforced Plastic and Composites Vol. 29 (2010), pp.1099-1111.

DOI: 10.1177/0731684409344651

[13] K. Goda, M.S. Sreekala, A. Gomes, T. Kaji and J. Ohgi: Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing Vol. 37 (2006), pp.2213-2220.

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.12.014

[14] H. Sixta: Handbook of Pulp (Wiley-VCH Verlag GMBbH, & CoKGaA, Germany 2006).

[15] B. Tajeddin, R.A. Rahman and L. C. Abdullah: American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environment Sciences Vol. 5 (2009), pp.777-785.

[16] M. Khalid, C.T. Ratnam, T.G. Chuah, S. Ali and T.S.Y. Chong: Materials and Design Vol. 29 (2008), pp.173-178.

[17] I.S.M.A. Tawakkal, R.A. Talib, A. Khalina, N.L. Chin and M.N. Ibrahim: Asian Journal of Chemistry Vol. 22 (2010), pp.6652-6662.

[18] K. Joseph and S. Thomas: Polymer Vol. 37(1996), pp.5139-5149.

[19] L.Y. Mwaikambo and M.P. Ansell in: The Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Properties of Hemp, Sisal, Jute and Kapok Fibres for Composite Reinforcement, 2nd International Wood and Natural Fibre Composites Symposium, Kassel/Germany, June 28-29 (1999).

DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-9505(19991201)272:1<108::aid-apmc108>3.0.co;2-9

[20] L. Liu, M.L. Fishman, K.B. Hicks and C.K. Liu: Agricultural and Food Chemistry Vol. 53 (2005), pp.9017-9022.

[21] N. Sgriccia, M.C. Hawley and M. Misra: 2008. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing Vol. 39(2008), pp.1632-1637.

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.07.007

[22] M.S. Huda, L.T. Drzal, M. Misra and A.K. Mohanty: Applied Polymer Science Vol. 102(2008), pp.4856-4869.

[23] R.M. Soom, W.H. Wan Hassan, A.G. MD Top and K. Hassan: Oil Palm Research Vol. 18 (2006), pp.272-277.

[24] S. Mohanty, S.K. Verma and S.K. Nayak: Composites Science and Technology Vol. 66 (2006), pp.538-547.

[25] B. John, K.T. Varughese, Z. Oommen, P. Pötschke and S. Thomas: Applied Polymer Science Vol. 87 (2003), p.2083-(2099).

[26] L.E. Nielsen and R.F. Landel: Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (1994).

[27] T. Yu, J. Ren, S. Li, H. Yuan and Y. Li: Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 41(2010), pp.499-505.