Pillared Clay as an Effective Catalyst for Low Temperature VOCs Decomposition

Abstract:

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals mostly emitted from different sources like industrial or domestic having high vapor pressure at room-temperature conditions. Some of these are also anthropogenic in nature and also these are the major contributor for the photochemical ozone. The different methods available for the abatement of VOCs are thermal oxidation, catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, adsorption etc. Due to the stringent regulation of VOCs emission in different countries there is a need of efficient abatement technology to preserve the environment. In this context catalytic combustion of organic pollutants offers considerable advantages over the industrially operated thermal combustion process. Generally, oxidative destruction is possible at low temperature in presence of a catalyst. In addition catalytic process is more energy efficient and can operate with very dilute pollutants. A number of catalysts have been used for the complete oxidation of VOCs, among these Pillared clays type porous materials are also useful for the purpose. Pillared clays have high surface area, pore volume, thermal stability and can be tailor made for particular catalytic application compared with the parent clays. In the present review we will summarize the latest developments on the clay based materials including the effect of different controlling parameters for the synthesis of pillared clay based porous materials and its specific application for the low temperature VOCs decomposition. In particular the effect of transition metals like iron and manganese oxide pillared clay on the VOC decomposition is discussed.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 571)
• Pages: 71-91
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.571.71
• Online since: July 2013
• Authors: P. Mohapatra, T. Mishra, K.M. Parida
• Keywords: Clay, Decomposition, Montmorillonite, PILCs, Pillared Clay, VOCS

References

[1] Information on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay

[2] S. Guggenheim, R. T. Martin, Definition of clay and clay mineral: Journal report of the AIPEA nomenclature and CMS nomenclature committees, Clays Clay Miner 43 (1995) 255–256

DOI: 10.1346/ccmn.1995.0430213

[3] P. Yuan, F. Annabi-Bergaya, Q. Tao, M. Fan, Z. Liu, J. Zhu, H. He, T. Chen., A combined study by XRD, FTIR, TG and HRTEM on the structure of delaminated Fe-intercalated/pillared clay, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 324 (2008) 142–149

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.04.076

[4] B.K.G. Theng in "The chemistry of clay-organic reactions" Adam Hilger, London, (1974)

[5] D.E.W. Vaughan, Pillared clays - a historical perspective, Catal. Today 2 (1988) 187-198.

[6] M. Kojima, R. Hartford, C.T. O'Connor, The effect of pillaring montmorillonite and beidellite on the conversion of trimethyl benzenes, J. Catal. 128 (1991) 487-498

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9517(91)90306-o

[7] S.M. Bradley, R.A. Kydd, Ga13, Al13, GaAl12, and chromium-pillared montmorillonites: acidity and reactivity for cumene conversion, J. Catal. 141 (1993) 239-249

DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1993.1132

[8] J.P. Chen, M.C. Hausladen, R.T. Yang, Delaminated Fe2O3-pillared clay: Its preparation, characterization, and activities for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 J. Catal. 151 (1995) 135-146.

DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1995.1016

[9] L. Borgnino, M.J. Avena, C.P. De Pauli, Synthesis and characterization of Fe (III)-montmorillonites for phosphate adsorption, Colloids and Surfaces A: 341 ( 2009) 46-52.

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.03.037

[10] E.G. Rightor, M.S. Tzou, T.J. Pinnavaia, Iron oxide pillared clay with large gallery height: Synthesis and properties as a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, J. Catal. 130 (1991) 29-40.

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9517(91)90089-m

[11] Laura Borgnino, Carla E. Giacomelli, Marcelo J. Avena, Carlos P. De Pauli, Phosphate adsorbed on Fe(III) modified montmorillonite: Surface complexation studied by ATR-FTIR Colloids and Surfaces: A 353( 2010) 238-244

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.11.022

[12] S.P. Christiano, J. Wang and T.J. Pinnavaia, Intercalation of niobium and tantalum M6Cl12n+ cluster cations in montmorillonite: a new route to pillared clays, Inorg. Chem. 24 (1985) 1222-1227.

DOI: 10.1021/ic00202a022

[13] L.S. Belaroui, J.M.M. Millet, A. Bengueddach, Characterization of lalithe, a new bentonite-type Algerian clay, for intercalation and catalysts preparation. Catalysis Today 89 (2004) 279–286.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2003.12.020

[14] S. Mnasri, N. Frini-Srasra. Evolution of Brönsted and Lewis acidity of single and mixed pillared bentonite, Infrared Phys. Technol. 58 (2013) 15–20.

DOI: 10.1016/j.infrared.2012.12.041

[15] M. Trombetta, G. Busca, M. Lenarda, L. Storaro, R. Ganzerla, L. Piovesan, A.J. Lopez, A. R Manuel, E. Rodriguez-Castellon, Solid acid catalysts from clays: evaluation of surface acidity of mono- and bi-pillared smectites by FT-IR spectroscopy measurements, NH3-TPD and catalytic tests, Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 193 (2000) 55–69.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00413-5

[16] J. M Thomas, W. J Thomas, Principles and practice of heterogeneous catalysis. VCH Publishers Inc., New York, 1997.

[17] Z. Ding, JT Kloprogge, RL Frost, GQ Lu, HY Zhu, Porous clays and pillared clay-based catalysts. Part 2: A review of the catalytic and molecular sieve applications. Journal of Porous Materials 8 (2001) 273-293.

DOI: 10.1002/chin.200219248

[18] A. Gil A, L M Gandía, Recent advances in the synthesis and catalytic applications of pillared clays. Catal. Rev - Sci. Eng. 42 (2000) 145-212

DOI: 10.1081/cr-100100261

[19] T. Mishra, P. Mohapatra and K. M. Parida Synthesis, characterisation and catalytic evaluation of Iron-manganese mixed oxide pillared clay towards VOC oxidation reaction., Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 79 (2008) 279-285.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.10.030

[20] C. Belver, M.A. Vicente, M. Fernandez-Garcia, and A. Martinez-Arias, Supported catalysts for DeNO(x) reaction based on iron clays. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A- Chemical, 219 (2004) 309-313.

DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2004.05.025

[21] D. H. Doff, N. H. J. Gangas, J. E. M. Allan, J. M. D. Coey, Preparation and characterization of iron oxide pillared montmorillonite. Clay Minerals, 23 (1998) 367-377.

DOI: 10.1180/claymin.1988.023.4.04

[22] C.I. Warburton, Preparation and catalytic properties of iron oxide and iron sulphide pillared clays, Catal. Today 2 (1988) 271–280.

DOI: 10.1016/0920-5861(88)85009-0

[23] P. Bankovic´, A. Milutinovic´-Nikolic´, Z. Mojovic´, A. Rosic´, Zˇ. Cˇupic´, D. Loncˇarevic´, D. Jovanovic´, Toluene Degradation in Water Using AlFe-Pillared Clay CatalystsChinese J. Catal. 30 (2009) 14–18.

[24] P. Bankovic´, A. Milutinovic´-Nikolic´, N. Jovic´-Jovicˇic, J. Dostanic´, Zˇ. Cˇupic´, D. Loncˇarevic´, D. Jovanovic´, Synthesis, Charaterisation and Application of Fe, Al Pillared clay, Acta Phys. Pol., A 115 (2009) 811–814.

[25] P. Bankovic´, A. Milutinovic´-Nikolic´, Z. Mojovic´, N. Jovic´-Jovicˇic´, M. Zˇunic´, V. Dondur, D. Jovanovic´, Al,Fe-pillared clays in catalytic decolorization of aqueous tartrazine solutions Appl. Clay Sci. 58 (2012) 73–78.

DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2012.01.015

[26] J. Zhang, S. Zhang, W. Cai, Q. Zhong, The characterization of CrCe-doped on TiO2-pillared clay nanocomposites for NO oxidation and the promotion effect of CeOx Applied Surface Science 268 (2013) 535– 540

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.12.169

[27] E. Noordally, J.R. Richmond, S.F. Tahir, Destruction of volatile organic compounds by catalytic oxidation, Catal. Today 17 (1993) 359-366.

DOI: 10.1016/0920-5861(93)80039-4

[28] D. P. Serrano, G. Calleja, J. A. Botas, F. J. Gutierrez, Adsorption and hydrophobic properties of mesostructured MCM-41 and SBA-15 materials for volatile organic compound removal. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 43(2004) 7010–7018.

DOI: 10.1021/ie040108d

[29] V. K. Gupta, N. Verma, Removal of volatile organic compounds by cryogenic condensation followed by adsorption. Chem. Eng. Sci. 57 (2002) 2679–2696.

DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(02)00158-6

[30] H. Zaitan, D. Bianchi, O. Achak, T. Chafik, A comparative study of the adsorption and desorption of o-xylene onto bentonite clay and alumina. J. Hazard. Mater. 153 (2008) 852–859.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.070

[31] E.C. Moretti, Reduce VOC and HAP emissions, Chem. Eng. Prog. 98 (6) (2002) 30-40.

[32] P. Papaefthimiou, T. Ioannides, X.E. Verykios, Combustion of non-halogenated volatile organic compounds over group VIII metal catalysts, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 13 (1997) 175-184.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(96)00103-8

[33] C. Lahousse, A. Bernier, P. Grange, B. Delmon, P. Papaefthimiou, T. Ioannides, X. Verykios, Evaluation of γ-MnO2 as a VOC Removal Catalyst: Comparison with a noble metal Catalyst, J. Catal. 178 (1998) 214-225

DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1998.2148

[34] J.J. Spivey, Complete catalytic oxidation of volatile organics. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 26 (1987) 2165-.

DOI: 10.1021/ie00071a001

[35] T. Maillet, C. Solleau, J. Barbier, D. Duprez. Oxidation of carbon monoxide, propene, propane and methane over a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst. Effect of the chemical state of Pd. Appl. Catal., B, 14 (1997) 85-95.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(97)00014-3

[36] J. Carpentier, J F Lamonier, S. Siffert, E. A. Zhilinskaya, A. Aboukaïs. Characterisation of Mg/Al hydrotalcite with interlayer palladium complex for catalytic oxidation of toluene. Appl. Catal., A, 234 (2002) 91-101.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-860x(02)00201-6

[37] M. Labaki, S. Siffert, J F Lamonier, E A Zhilinskaya, A. Aboukaïs, Total oxidation of propene and toluene in the presence of zirconia doped by copper and yttrium: Role of anionic vacancies. Appl. Catal., B 43 ( 2003) 261-271.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(02)00312-0

[38] W B Li, W B Chu, M. Zhuang, J. Hua, Catalytic oxidation of toluene on Mn-containing mixed oxides prepared in reverse microemulsions. Catal. Today, 93-95 (2004) 205-209.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2004.06.042

[39] S. C. Kim, The catalytic oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons over supported metal oxide. J. Hazard. Mater., 91 (2002) 285-299.

DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3894(01)00396-x

[40] Y. Liu, M. Luo, Z. Wei, Qin Xin, P. Ying, Can Li, Catalytic oxidation of chlorobenzene on supported manganese oxide catalysts. Appl. Catal., B 29 (2001) 61-67.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(00)00193-4

[41] M.E.M. Zwinkels, S. G. Järås, P G Menon, T A Griffin, Catalytic materials for high-temperature combustion. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., 35 (1993) 319-358.

DOI: 10.1080/01614949308013910

[42] T. J. Pinnavaia, Intercalated Clay Catalysts, Science, 220 (1983) 365-371.

DOI: 10.1126/science.220.4595.365

[43] Qu. Fang, Zhu Lizhong Yang Kun, Adsorption behaviors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on porous clay heterostructures (PCH) J. Hazard Mater. 170 (2009) 7–12

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.027

[44] L.Z. Zhu, S.L. Tian, Y. Shi, Adsorption of volatile organic compounds onto porous clay heterostructures based on spent organobentonites, Clays Clay Miner. 53 (2005) 123–136.

DOI: 10.1346/ccmn.2005.0530202

[45] C. Lahousse, A. Bernier, A. Gaigneaux, P. Ruiz, P. Grange, B. Delmon, in: R.K. Grasselli (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Oxidation Catalysis, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1997, Page No-777.

DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(97)81040-3

[46] E. Rezaei, Jafar Soltan, Ning Chen, Catalytic oxidation of toluene by ozone over alumina supported manganese oxides: Effect of catalyst loading, Appl. Catal B: 136–137 (2013) 239-247.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.01.061

[47] M. Baldi, E. Finocchio, F. Milella, G. Busca, Catalytic combustion of C3 hydrocarbons and oxygenates over Mn3O4 Appl. Catal. B 16 (1998) 43-51.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(97)00061-1

[48] P.E. Marti, M. Maciejewski, A. Baiker, Methane combustion over La0.8Sr0.2MnO3+x supported on MAl2O4 (M = Mg, Ni and Co) spinels, Appl. Catal. B 4 (1994) 225-235.

DOI: 10.1016/0926-3373(94)00020-4

[49] U.S. Ozkan, R.F. Kueller, E. Moctezuma, Methanol oxidation over nonprecious transition metal oxide catalysts, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 29 (1990) 1136-1142.

DOI: 10.1021/ie00103a008

[50] J.M. Gallardo-Amores, T. Armaroli, G. Ramis, E. Finocchio, G. Busca, A study of anatase–supported Mn oxide as catalysts for 2-propanol oxidation, Appl. Catal. B 22 (1999) 249-259.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(99)00055-7

[51] M. Baldi F. Milella, J.M. Gallardo-Amores, , G. Busca, A study of Mn-Ti oxide powders and their behaviour in propane oxidation catalysis, J. Mater. Chem. 8 (1998) 2525-2531.

DOI: 10.1039/a803994a

[52] J. Halasz, M. Hodos, I. Hannus, G. Tasi, I. Kiricsi, Catalytic detoxification of C2-chlorohydrocarbons over iron-containing oxide and zeolite catalysts, Colloid Surface A 265 (2005) 171-177.

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.03.030

[53] K.M. Parida, A. Samal, Catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds on Indian Ocean manganese nodules Appl. Catal. A 182 (1999) 249-256.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00015-0

[54] L.M. Gondia, M.A. Vicent, A. Gil, Complete oxidation of acetone over manganese oxide catalysts supported on alumina- and zirconia-pillared clays, Appl. Catal. B 38 (2002) 295-307.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(02)00058-9

[55] A. Gil, M.A. Vicente, S.A. Korili, Effect of the nature and structure of pillared clays in the catalytic behaviour of supported manganese oxide, Catal. Today 112 (2006) 117-120.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.11.046

[56] P. Papaefthimiou, T. Ioannides, X.E. Verykios, VOC removal: investigation of ethylacetate oxidation over supported Pt catalysts, Catal. Today 54 (1999) 81-92

DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(99)00170-4

[57] Min Chen, Liping Fan, Lingyan Qi, Xiaoyan Luo, Renxian Zhou, Xiaoming Zheng The catalytic combustion of VOCs over copper catalysts supported on cerium-modified and zirconium-pillared montmorillonite Catalysis Communications 10 (2009) 838–841

DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2008.12.016

[58] K.M. Parida, G. Bishwa Bidita Varadwaj, Swagatika Sahu, and P.C. Sahoo, Schiff base Pt (II) complex intercalated montmorillonite: A robust catalyst for hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds at room temperature, , Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50 (2011) 7849-7856.

DOI: 10.1021/ie200128w

[59] G. B. B. Varadwaj, S. Sahu, K.M. Parida, La complex @ Fe-PILM offering resilient option for efficient and green processing towards epoxidation of cyclohexene. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50 (2011) 8973-8982.

DOI: 10.1021/ie2002445

[60] G. Bishwa Bidita Varadwaj and K.M. Parida, Facile synthesis of dodecatungstophosphoric acid @ TiO2 pillared montmorillonite and its effectual exploitation towards solvent free esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol, , Catal. Lett. 10 (2011) 1476-1483.

DOI: 10.1007/s10562-011-0684-1

[61] T. Mishra and K.M. Parida, Effect of sulphate on the surface and catalytic properties of iron-chromium mixed oxide pillared clays., J. Coll. Inter. Sci. 301 (2006) 554-559.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.05.013

[62] D. Das, H.K. Mishra, K.M. Parida and A.K. Dalai, Preparation, characterisation of Zr, Ti and Zr-Ti mixed oxide pillared montmorillonite and its catalytic activity towards nitration of chlorobenzene, Ind. J. Chem. 41A (2002) 2238-2243.

[63] K. M. Parida, T. Mishra, D. Das and S. N. Chintalpudi, Thermal transformation of trinuclear Fe(III) acetato complex intercalated montmorillonite. Appl. clay Sci. 15 (1999) 463-475.

DOI: 10.1016/s0169-1317(99)00035-6

[64] T. Mishra and K. M. Parida, Transition metal pillared clay-5: Synthesis, characterisation and catalytic activity of Iron-chromium mixed oxide pillared montmorillonite., Appl Catal A: General 174 (1998) 91-98.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-860x(98)00154-9

[65] T. Mishra and K.M. Parida, Transition metal pillared clay: part 4. A compartive study of textural, acidic and catalytic properties of chromia pillared montmorillonite and acid activated montmorillonite., Appl Catal A: General, 166 (1998) 123-133.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-860x(97)00247-0

[66] T. Mishra and K.M. Parida Transition metal pillared clay: 3. A para selective catalyst for nitration of chlorobenzene., J. Mol Catal, 121 (1997) 91.

[67] T. Mishra, K. M. Parida, Transition metal oxide pillared clay. Part-II: A comparative study of Textural and Acidic properties of Mn(III) pillared Acid Activated Montmorillonite. J. Mater Chem, 7(1997) 147-151.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-860x(97)00247-0

[68] T. Mishra, K. M. Parida and S. B. Rao, Transition metal oxide pillared clay 1. A comparative study of textural and acidic properties of Fe (III) pillared montomorillonite and pillared acid activated montmorillonite., J. Coll.& Interface Sci. 183 (1996) 176-183.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-860x(97)00247-0

[69] Ph.D Thesis of Dr. T.Mishra., Utkal University 1996.

[70] Sesegma Ts. Khankhasaeva, Sayana V. Badmaeva, Elvira Ts. Dashinamzhilova, Preparation, characterization and catalytic application of Fe- and Fe/Al-pillared clays in the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of 4-chlorophenol in Zeolites and Related Materials: Trends, Targets and Challenges Proceedings of 4th International FEZA Conference A. Gédéon, P. Massiani and F. Babonneau (Editors)

DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(08)80130-9

[71] Zuo Shufeng, Liu Fujian, Zhou Renxian, Qi Chenze, Adsorption/desorption and catalytic oxidation of VOCs on montmorillonite and pillared clays, Catalysis Communications 22 (2012) 1–5

DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2012.02.002

[72] B.P. Embaida, G. Jose, F. Biomorgia, M. Gonzalez-Jimeneza, Josefina Perez-Zurita, Carlos E. Scotta, Using Fe-PILC as catalyst, Applied Catalysis A: General 400 (2011) 166–170.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2011.04.033

[73] S Sugunan, K Nisha, R Rckha, K S Rahna, H Suja & C S Deepa, Acidity and catalytic activity of rare earth modified Al/Zr pillared clays, Indian Journal of Chemistry 39A (2000) 765-768

[74] J. Barraulta, C. Bouchoulea, K. Echachoui, N. Frini-Srasrab, M. Trabelsi, F. Bergayab Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) of phenol over mixed (Al-Cu)-pillared clays Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 15 (1998) 269-274

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(97)00054-4

[75] S. Zuo, R. Zhou, Al-pillared clays supported rare earths and palladium catalysts for deep oxidation of low concentration of benzene, Applied Surface Science 253 (2006) 2508–2514

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.05.119

[76] S. Brunauer, L.S. Deming, W.S. Deming, W.J. Teller, On a Theory of the vander waals. Adsorption of Gases, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62 (1940) 1723-1732.

DOI: 10.1021/ja01864a025

[77] C.T. Kresge, M.E. Leonowicz, W.J. Roth, J.C. Vartuli, J.S. Beck, Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism, Nature 359 (1992) 710-712.

DOI: 10.1038/359710a0

[78] S. Inagaki, Y. Fukushima, K. Kuroda, Synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous materials from a layered polysilicate,  J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 8 (1993) 680-682

DOI: 10.1039/c39930000680

[79] H.Y. Zhu, Z. Ding, J.C. Barry, Porous solids from layered clays by combined pillaring and templating approaches, J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 11420-11429.

DOI: 10.1021/jp014463i

[80] J. Y. Bottero, A. Manceau, F. Villieras, D. Tchoubar, Structure and mechanisms of formation of iron oxide hydroxide (chloride) polymers, Langmuir 10 (1994) 316-319.

DOI: 10.1021/la00013a046

[81] M. Sergio, M. Musso, J. Medina and W. Diano, A Zojomo, Aluminum-pillaring of a montmorillonitic clay: Textural properties as a function of the starting mineral particle size, (ISSN 1833-122X) Volume 2 March 2006 (Reference http://www.azom.com/oars.asp)

[82] K. S. W. Sing, D. H. Everett, R. A. W.  Haul, L. Moscou, R. R. Pierotti, J. Rouquerol and T. Siemieniewska, "Reporting data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. (Recommendations 1984), Pure and Appl. Chem., 57 (1985) 603-619.

DOI: 10.1515/iupac.57.0007

[83] P. Bankovic´, A. Milutinovic´-Nikolic´, Z. Mojovic´, N. Jovic´-Jovicˇic´, M. Perovic´, V. Spasojevic´, D. Jovanovic. Synthesis and characterization of bentonites rich in beidellite with incorporated Al or Al–Fe oxide pillars, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 165 (2013) 247–256

DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.08.029

[84] Suna Balci, Elif Gökçay, Effects of drying methods and calcinations temperatures on the physical properties of iron intercalated clays, Mater Chem Phys 76 (2002) 46–51

DOI: 10.1016/s0254-0584(01)00503-x

[85] Z. Qin, P. Yuan, J. Zhu, H. He, D. Liu, S. Yang, Influences of thermal pretreatment temperature and solvent on the organosilane modification of Al13-intercalated/Al-pillared montmorillonite, Appl. Clay Sci. 50 (2010) 546–553.

DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2010.10.011

[86] R.P. Marinkovic´-Neducin, E.E. Kiss, T.Z. Cukic´ D.Z. Obadovic´ , Thermal Behaviour of Al-, AlFe- and AlCu Pillared Intercalated Clays, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 78 (2004) 307–321.

DOI: 10.1023/b:jtan.0000042177.82033.d0

[87] L.V. Govea, H. Steinfink, Thermal Stability and Magnetic Properties of Fe−Polyoxocation Intercalated Montmorillonite, Chem. Mater. 9 (1997) 849-856.

DOI: 10.1021/cm960538x

[88] K. Bukka, J. D. Miller and J. Shabtai, FTIR Study of Deuterated Montmorillonites: Structural Features Relevant to Pillared Clay Stability, Clays Clay Miner. 40 (1) (1992) 92-102.

DOI: 10.1346/ccmn.1992.0400110

[89] G. Chen, W.T. Chou, C.T. Yeh, The sorption of hydrogen on palladium in a flow system, Appl. Catal. 8 (1983) 389-397.

[90] T. Matsuda, M. Asanuma, E. Kikuchi, Effect of high-temperature treatment on the activity of montmorillonite pillared by alumina in the conversion of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, Appl. Catal. 38 (1988) 289-299.

DOI: 10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82832-8

[91] R. López-Fonseca, A. Aranzabal, J.I. Gutiérrez-Ortiz, J.I. Álvarez-Uriarte, J.R. González-Velasco, Comparative study of the oxidative decomposition of trichloroethylene over H-type zeolites under dry and humid conditions, Appl. Catal., B 30 (2001) 303-313.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(00)00244-7

[92] M. Motaka, P. da Costab, Ł. Kuterasinski, Modified layered clays as catalysts for ethanol oxidation, Catalysis Today 176 (2011) 154– 158

DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.01.020

[93] Ikram Jarraya, Sophie Fourmentin, Mourad Benzina, Samir Bouaziz, VOC adsorption on raw and modified clay materials, Chemical Geology 275 (2010) 1–8

DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.04.004

[94] J.Q Jiang, C. Cooper, S. Ouki, Comparison of modified montmorillonite adsorbents-part I: preparation, characterization and phenol adsorption. Chemosphere 47 (2002) 711–716.

DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00011-5

[95] A.G. Panov, J.J. Fripiat, Acetone Condensation Reaction on Acid Catalysts J. Catal. 178 (1998) 188-197.

DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1998.2142

[96] M. Paulis, L.M. Gandia, A. Gil, J. Sambeth, J.A. Odriozola, M. Montes, nfluence of the surface adsorption–desorption processes on the ignition curves of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) complete oxidation over supported catalysts, Appl. Catal. B 26 (2000) 37-46.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(00)00109-0

[97] L.M. Gandia, A. Gil, S.A. Korili, Effects of various alkali–acid additives on the activity of a manganese oxide in the catalytic combustion of ketones Appl. Catal. B 33 (2001) 1-8.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(01)00155-2

[98] P.H. Scudder, Electron Flow in Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992, Page-63.

[99] M. Kulazynski, J. G-van Ommen, J. Trawozynski, J. Wabendziewski, Catalytic combustion of trichloroethylene over TiO2-SiO2 supported catalysts, Appl. Catal. B 36 (2002) 239-247.

DOI: 10.1016/s0926-3373(01)00313-7