The Effect of Impregnation Ratio on the Surface Characteristics of Gigantochloa Verticillata Bamboo-Activated Carbon

Abstract:

The activation process is the final stage in the manufacturing of activated carbon that can be carried out physically or chemically. This paper focuses on characterizing the surface properties of activated carbons from Gigantochloa verticillata bamboo that are chemically activated at 750°C under different impregnation ratios (IRs) of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1. The activated carbons produced were denoted as IR1-AC, IR2-AC, and IR3-AC for impregnation ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, respectively. Characterizations include TGA, SEM, and adsorption isotherm tests. The results of the research show that variation of the impregnation ratio yielded fluctuated content of proximate elements and surface properties of activated carbons. The highest fixed carbon of 75.69% and the lowest ash of 13.10% were obtained by IR2-AC. The highest surface area of 511.10 m²/g and pore volume of 0.561 cc/g was obtained by IR3-AC and IR2-AC, respectively. The activated carbon pores are distributed in micropores and mesopores areas with average pore diameters of 1.245, 2.494, and 1.984 nm for IR1-AC, IR2-AC, and IR3-AC, respectively. The existence of the pores can be found on the surface morphology of activated carbons.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1045)
• Pages: 59-66
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1045.59
• Online since: September 2021
• Authors: Dewa Ngakan Ketut Putra Negara*, Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia, Lusiana Lusiana, I Made Widiyarta, I Made Astika, Cokorda Istri Putri Kusuma Kencanawati
• Keywords: Activated Carbon, Impregnation Ratio, Proximate, Surface Characteristics

References

[1] Machida, M., Fotoohi, B., Amamo, Y., & Mercier, L. (2012). Cadmium(II) and lead(II) adsorption onto hetero-atom functional mesoporous silica and activated carbon. Applied Surface Science, 258(19), 7389-7394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.04.042Saleh.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.04.042

[2] Saleh, T. A. (2018). Simultaneous adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel over bimetallic nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 2123-2132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.208.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.208

[3] Esteves, I.A.A.C., Lopes, M.S.S., Nunes, P.M.C., & Mota, J.P.B. (2008). Adsorption of natural gas and biogas components on activated carbon. Separation and Purification Technology, 62(2), 281-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.01.027.

DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2008.01.027

[4] Inomata, K., Kanazawa, K., Urabe, Y., Hosono, H., & Araki, T. (2002). Natural gas storage in activated carbon pellets without a binder. Carbon, 40(1), 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(01)00084-7.

DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6223(01)00084-7

[5] Azevedo, D.C.S., Araújo, J.C.S., Bastos-Neto, M., Torres, A.E.B., Jaguaribe, E.F., & Cavalcante, C.L. (2007). Microporous activated carbon prepared from coconut shells using chemical activation with zinc chloride. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 100(1-3), 361-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.11.024.

DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.11.024

[6] Sreńscek-Nazzal, J., Kamińska, W., Michalkiewicz, B., & Koren, Z. C. (2013). Production, characterization and methane storage potential of KOH-activated carbon from sugarcane molasses. Industrial Crops and Products, 47, 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.03.004.

DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.03.004

[7] Koroviaka, Y., Pinka, J., Tymchenko, S., Rastsvietaiev, V., Astakhov, V., & Dmytruk, O. (2020). Elaborating a scheme for mine methane capturing while developing coal gas seams. Mining of Mineral Deposits, 14(3), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.33271/mining14.03.021.

DOI: 10.33271/mining14.03.021

[8] Ferrera-Lorenzo, N., Fuente, E., Suárez-Ruiz, I., & Ruiz, B. (2014). Sustainable activated carbons of macroalgae waste from the Agar-Agar industry. Prospects as adsorbent for gas storage at high pressures. Chemical Engineering Journal, 250, 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.119.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.119

[9] Ademiluyi, F.T., & Braide, O. (2012). Effectiveness of Nigerian bamboo activated with different activating agents on the adsorption of BTX. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 16(3), 267-273.

[10] Akpa, N. (2014). Adsorption of benzene on activated carbon from agricultural waste materials. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 4, 30-34.

[11] Nunthaprechachan, T., Pengpanich, S., & Hunsom, M. (2013). Adsorptive desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by sewage sludge-derived activated carbon. Chemical Engineering Journal, 228, 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.067.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.067

[12] Petrova, B., Budinova, T., Tsyntsarski, B., Kochkodan, V., Shkavro, Z., & Petrov, N. (2010). Removal of aromatic hydrocarbons from water by activated carbon from apricot stones. Chemical Engineering Journal, 165(1), 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.09.026.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2010.09.026

[13] Águeda, V.I., Crittenden, B.D., Delgado, J.A., & Tennison, S.R. (2011). Effect of channel geometry, degree of activation, relative humidity and temperature on the performance of binderless activated carbon monoliths in the removal of dichloromethane from air. Separation and Purification Technology, 78(2), 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.01.036.

DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.01.036

[14] Zhu, X.L., Wang, P.Y., Peng, C., Yang, J., & Yan, X.-. (2014). Activated carbon produced from paulownia sawdust for high-performance CO2 sorbents. Chinese Chemical Letters, 25(6), 929-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2014.03.039.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.03.039

[15] Ahmed, M.J., & Theydan, S.K. (2014). Optimization of microwave preparation conditions for activated carbon from Albizia lebbeck seed pods for methylene blue dye adsorption. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 105, 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.11.005.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2013.11.005

[16] Cao, W., & Yang, F. (2018). Supercapacitors from high fructose corn syrup-derived activated carbons. Materials Today Energy, 9, 406-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2018.07.002v.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mtener.2018.07.002

[17] Huang, T., Qiu, Z., Wu, D., & Hu, Z. (2015). Bamboo-based activated carbon MnO2 nanocomposites for flexible high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 10, 6312-6323.

[18] Zhang, Y., Zheng, J., Qu, X., & Chen, H. (2007). Effect of granular activated carbon on degradation of methyl orange when applied in combination with high-voltage pulse discharge. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 316(2), 523-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.08.013.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.08.013

[19] Yagmur, E., Tunc, M. S., Banford, A., & Aktas, Z. (2013). Preparation of activated carbon from autohydrolysed mixed southern hardwood. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 104, 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.05.025.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2013.05.025

[20] Yahya, M.A., Al-Qodah, Z., & Ngah, C.W.Z. (2015). Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 46, 218-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.051.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.051

[21] Ahmadpour, A., Okhovat, A., & Darabi Mahboub, M. J. (2013). Pore size distribution analysis of activated carbons prepared from coconut shell using methane adsorption data. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 74(6), 886-891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2013.01.036.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2013.01.036

[22] Das, D., Samal, D. P., & BC, M. (2015). Preparation of Activated Carbon from Green Coconut Shell and its Characterization. Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology, 06(05). https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7048.1000248.

DOI: 10.4172/2157-7048.1000248

[23] Choy, K.K.H., Barford, J.P., & McKay, G. (2005). Production of activated carbon from bamboo scaffolding waste-process design, evaluation and sensitivity analysis. Chemical Engineering Journal, 109(1-3), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.02.030.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2005.02.030

[24] Liu, Q.S., Zheng, T., Wang, P., & Guo, L. (2010). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(2), 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.10.011.

DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.10.011

[25] Ma, X., Yang, H., Yu, L., Chen, Y., & Li, Y. (2014). Preparation, Surface and Pore Structure of High Surface Area Activated Carbon Fibers from Bamboo by Steam Activation. Materials, 7(6), 4431-4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7064431.

DOI: 10.3390/ma7064431

[26] Mohamad Nor, N., Lau, L. C., Lee, K. T., & Mohamed, A. R. (2013). Synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control—a review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 1(4), 658-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.09.017.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2013.09.017

[27] Daud, W.M.A.W., Ali, W.S.W., & Sulaiman, M.Z. (2000). The effects of carbonization temperature on pore development in palm-shell-based activated carbon. Carbon, 38(14), 1925-1932. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(00)00028-2.

DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6223(00)00028-2

[28] Li, X.B., Shupe, T.F., Peter, G.F., Hse, C.Y., & Eberhardt, T.L. (2007). Chemical changes with maturation of the bamboo species Phyllostachys pubescens. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 6-12.

[29] Abdullah, A.H., Kassim, A., Zainal, Z., Hussien, M. Z., Kuang, D., Ahmad, F., & Wooi, O.S. (2001). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from gelam wood bark (Melaleuca cajuputi). Malaysian journal of analytical sciences, 7(1), 65-68.

[30] Merzougui, Z., & Addoun, F. (2008). Effect of oxidant treatment of date pit activated carbons application to the treatment of waters. Desalination, 1(222), 394-403.

DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.134

[31] Vargas, A.M.M., Cazetta, A.L., Garcia, C.A., Moraes, J.C.G., Nogami, E.M., Lenzi, E., Almeida, V.C. (2011). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from a new raw lignocellulosic material: Flamboyant (Delonix regia) pods. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(1), 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.013.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.013

[32] Kalderis, D., Bethanis, S., Paraskeva, P., & Diamadopoulos, E. (2008). Production of activated carbon from bagasse and rice husk by a single-stage chemical activation method at low retention times. Bioresource Technology, 99(15), 6809-6816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.041.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.01.041

[33] Horikawa, T., Kitakaze, Y., Sekida, T., Hayashi, J., & Katoh, M. (2010). Characteristics and humidity control capacity of activated carbon from bamboo. Bioresource Technology, 101(11), 3964-3969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.032.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.032

[34] Nakagawa, Y., Molina-Sabio, M., & Rodríguez-Reinoso, F. (2007). Modification of the porous structure along the preparation of activated carbon monoliths with H3PO4 and ZnCl2. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 103(1-3), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.01.029.

DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.01.029

[35] Girgis, B.S., Yunis, S.S., & Soliman, A.M. (2002). Characteristics of activated carbon from peanut hulls in relation to conditions of preparation. Materials Letters, 57(1), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(02)00724-3.

DOI: 10.1016/s0167-577x(02)00724-3

[36] Alhamed, Y.A. (2006). Activated carbon from dates' stone by ZnCl2 activation. JKAU Eng Sci, 17(2), 5-100 https://doi.org/10.4197/Eng.17-2.4.

DOI: 10.4197/eng.17-2.4

[37] Astika, I.M., Negara, D.N.K.P., Kencanawati, C.I.P.K., Nindhia, T.G.T., & Hidajat, F. (2019). Proximate and morphology properties of swat bamboo activated carbon carburized under different carbonization temperature. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 539, 012010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/539/1/012010.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/539/1/012010

[38] Yahya, M.A., Al-Qodah, Z., & Ngah, C.W.Z. (2015). Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 46, 218-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.051.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.051

[39] Irmayani, F., Taryono, T., & Widiastuti, P. (2013). Rancang Bangun Adsorben Komponen Korosif Gas Bumi. Lembaran Publikasi Minyak dan Gas Bumi, 47(1), 31-39.

DOI: 10.29017/lpmgb.45.1.680

[40] Thommes, M. (2016). Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report). Chemistry International, 38(1), 25-25. https://doi.org/10.1515/ci-2016-0119.

DOI: 10.1515/ci-2016-0119

[41] Gao, Y., Yue, Q., Gao, B., Sun, Y., Wang, W., Li, Q., & Wang, Y. (2013). Comparisons of porous, surface chemistry and adsorption properties of carbon derived from Enteromorpha prolifera activated by H4P2O7 and KOH. Chemical Engineering Journal, 232, 582-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.011.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.011

[42] Cheung, W.H., Lau, S.S.Y., Leung, S.Y., Ip, A.W.M., & McKay, G. (2012). Characteristics of Chemical Modified Activated Carbons from Bamboo Scaffolding. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 20(3), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1004-9541(11)60213-9.

DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(11)60213-9

[43] Mahanim, S.M.A., Asma, I.W., Rafidah, J., Puad, E., & Shaharuddin, H. (2011). Production of activated carbon from industrial bamboo wastes. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 417-424.