Indirect Production of Chromium Carbides Film on Low Alloy Steel

Abstract:

Chromium carbide coatings deposited on mechanical parts by different techniques have an interesting hardness, wear-resistant and corrosion resistance. Some studies show that chromium carbides produced by physical vapor deposition methods and revealed a superior hardness present a poor adherence to their substrates. The objective of this study is to indirectly obtain a hard, and adherent coating of chromium carbide by using a conversion treatment including carburizing treatment of steel substrate, deposition of a pure chromium layer, and annealing treatment of coated carburized steel under a carbonic gas atmosphere. Treatment temperature has an effect on the partial or complete conversion of chromium film as a result of the diffusion and precipitation process. The transformation rate of chromium into both chromium carbide layers was investigated. For 1 h of holding treatment, chromium film was totally transformed at 900 °C into chromium carbide film which presented high hardness and excellent adhesion.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1078)
• Pages: 93-102
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-h2hzx1
• Online since: December 2022
• Authors: Younès Benarioua*
• Keywords: Chromium, Chromium Carbide, Coating, Steel

References

[1] J.E. Sundgren, B.E. Jacobson and M.K. Hibbs; Microstructure of nitride and carbide coatings prepared by physical vapor deposition methods Z. Met. kd. 1984; 75:855-861.

DOI: 10.1515/ijmr-1984-751106

[2] M. Pancielejko, W. Precht and A. Czyżniewski; Tribological properties of PVD titanium carbides. Vacuum; 53 (1999) 57-60.

DOI: 10.1016/s0042-207x(98)00391-1

[3] Y. Benarioua, B. Wendler and D. Chicot; Study on conversion treatment of thin titanium layer deposited onto carbon steel: Application of physical and mechanical investigation; Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 14 (2021) 154-165.

DOI: 10.9734/bpi/nupsr/v14/10327d

[4] Y. Benarioua, J. Lesage, E. Bemporad and D. Chicot; Titanium carbide films obtained by conversion of sputtered titanium on high carbon stee; Coat. Technol. 200 (2006) 5447-5454.

DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.07.066

[5] E.K. Storms, The Refractory Carbide, Academic Press, New York, (1967).

[6] L.E. Toth, Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides, Academic Press, New York, (1971).

[7] T. Arai, 10th ed., Metals Handbook, vol. 4, ASM, USA, 1991, p.448.

[8] A. Kumar, H.L. Chan and J. S. Kapat, Deposition and characterization of titanium carbide coatings using laser ablation method, Appl. Surf. Sci. 127-129 (1998) 549–552.

DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4332(97)00703-4

[9] X. Li, Z. Dong, A. Westwood, A. Brown, S. Zhang, R. Brydson and B. Rand, Preparation of a titanium carbide coating on carbon fibre using a molten salt method, Carbon 46 (2008) 305–309.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2007.11.020

[10] V.S. Protsenko, L.S. Bobrova, D.E. Golubtsov, S.A. Korniy, and F.I. Danilov; Electrolytic Deposition of Hard ChromiumCoatings from Electrolyte Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent; Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 91(7) (2018) 1106-1111.

DOI: 10.1134/s1070427218070066

[11] H. Khani and J. F. Brennecke; Hard chromium composite electroplating on high strength stainless steel from a Cr(III)-ionic liquid solution ; Electrochemistry Communications, 107 (2019) 106537.

DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106537

[12] S. Sen; A study on kinetics of CrxC - coated high-chromium steel by thermo-reactive dif Fusion technique ; Vacuum 79 (2005) 63–70.

DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2005.01.009

[13] M. R. Najari, S. A. Sajjadi , O. Ganji; Microstructural evolution and wear properties of chromium carbide coating formed by thermo-reactive diffusion (TRD) process on a cold- work tool steel; Results in Surfaces and Interfaces Vol. 8 (2022), 100059.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rsurfi.2022.100059

[14] A. Günen, M. Kalkandelen, M. S. Gök, E. Kanca, B. Kurt, M. S. Karakaş, İ. H.Karahan, M. Çetin; Characteristics and high temperature wear behavior of chrome vanadium carbide composite coatings produced by thermo-reactive diffusion; Surface and CoatingsTechnology; Vol. 402, N°25 (2020), 126402.

DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126402

[15] J. Li and C. Ding; Improvement in the properties of plasma-sprayed chromium carbide coatings using nickel-clad powders; Surface and Coatings Technology 130 (2000) 15-19.

DOI: 10.1016/s0257-8972(00)00678-2

[16] Z. Wei, C. Zhu, L. Zhou, L. Wang; The Enhancement Effect ofSalt Bath Chromizing for P20 Steel; Coatings 11 (2021) 27.

DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010027

[17] B. Bryskin, A. Kostylev, Y. Pokrovskiy, , and A. Lumpov, , "CVD Technology for Preparing Wear-Resistive Chromium Carbide Coatings of Engine Components,SAE Int. J. Mater. Manf. 7 (3) (2014) 630-632.

DOI: 10.4271/2014-01-1020

[18] B. Eastwood, S. Harmer, J. Smith, A. Kempster; Characteristics of Chromium Carbide Layers Produced on Martensitic Stainless Steel Using Different Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Techniques; Materials Science Forum, Vols 102-104 (1992) 543-552.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.102-104.543

[19] A. Zalar, J. Kovac, B. Pracek, P. Panjan and M. Ceh, Ion sputtering rates of C, CrxCy, and Cr at different Ar+ ionincidence angles, Vacuum 82 (2008) 116–120.

DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2007.07.015

[20] M. Richert, A. Mazurkiewicz and J. Smolik; Chromium carbide coatings obtained by the hybrid PVD methods; Journal of Achievements of Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 43(2010) 145-152.

[21] Y. Benarioua, B. Wendler and D. Chicot; Conversion treatment of thin titanium layer deposited on carbon steel; IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1033 (2018) 012010.

DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1033/1/012010

[22] Y. Benarioua R. Boubaaya, J. Lesage and D. Chicot; Annealing study of thin chromium layers on cemented steel substrates; Surf. Coat. Technol.; 227(2013) 65-69.

DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.04.006

[23] K. Wieczerzac, P. Bala, M. Stepien , G. Cios, T. Koziel The characterisation of cast Fe- Cr–C alloy, Archives of metallurgy and materials ; Vol 60 Issue 2(2015) ) 779 –.

[24] K. Nygren, M. Samuelsson, A. Flink, H. Ljungcrantz, Å.K. Rudolphi, U. Jansson Growth and characterization of chromium carbide films deposited by high rate reactive magnetron sputtering for electrical contact applications ; Vol. 260, N° 15 (2014) 326-334.

DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.06.069

[25] M. Detroye, F. Renies, C. Buess-Herman, J. Vereecken; Synthesis and characterization of chromium carbides, Applied Surface Science 120 (1997) 85-93.

DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4332(97)00228-6

[26] X. Su, S. Zhao; Formation of chromium carbide coatings on HT250 steel by thermal diffusion processes in fluoride molten saltbath ; Vacuum 155 (2018) 219–223.

DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.06.015

[27] H.R.K. Zarchi, M. Jalaly, M. Soltanieh and H. Mehrjoo; Comparison of the Activation Energies of the Formation of Chromium Carbide Coating on Carburized and Uncarburized AISI 1020 ; Steel Research International; 80 (11) (2009) 859 – 864.

[28] G. P. Samsonov and L. A. Solonnikova, Phy. Met. Metallogr.; 5 (3) (1957) 177.

[29] K. Hirota, K. Mitani, M.Yoshinaka, O. Yamaguchi; Simultaneous synthesis and consolidation of chromium carbides (Cr3C2,Cr7C3 and Cr23C6) by pulsed electric current pressure sintering; Mat. Sci. Eng.; 399 (2005) 154.

DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2005.02.062