Target Alloys of Iron-Based Materials through CALPHAD Method

Abstract:

The development of tailored alloys is an important aspect for enhancing efficiency across diverse applications in mechanical engineering. The use of computer-aided modelling offers an opportunity to enable a more efficient and targeted material development. In the present work, new iron-based alloys with specific properties were developed using the CALPHAD method. The alloy design developing process was carried out by using the simulation software JMatPro® and the data evaluation software EDA®. Using a full factorial plan, various alloys were modelled on the basis of the elements iron, nickel, vanadium, carbon, niobium and chromium. Afterwards, the alloys were narrowed down with regard to the criteria of carbide phase content, formability, and corrosion resistance. Subsequently, two final alloys were chosen based on their properties. Afterwards the selected final alloys were produced by mechanically blending different powder alloys and elements. These alloys were welded onto unalloyed steel using Plasma Transferred Arc welding and were characterised by using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, hardness measurements, spark spectrometry and metallography. Subsequently, a verification of the welded samples regarding to chemical composition, phases, and corrosion resistance was carried out. The investigations showed that it was possible to simulate alloys with specific properties using computer-based software, which corresponded with the experimental studies.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1133)
• Pages: 55-66
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-5bbeeB
• Online since: December 2024
• Authors: Yusuf Faqiri*, Thomas Hassel
• Keywords: Alloys, CALPHAD, Computer Aided Modelling, JMatPro, Plasma Transferred Arc Welding

References

[1] N. Saunders, A.P. Miodownik, CALPHAD: Calculation of Phase Diagrams - A Comprehensive Guide, Bd. 1. in Pergamon Materials Series, vol. 1. Elsevier, 1998.

DOI: 10.1016/S1470-1804(98)X8001-6

[2] J. Chen u. a., "Design and Optimization of Heat Treatment Process Parameters for High-Molybdenum-Vanadium High-Speed Steel for Rolls", Materials, Bd. 16, Nr. 22, S. 7103, Nov. 2023.

DOI: 10.3390/ma16227103

[3] M. Krbata u. a., "Microstructural Changes and Determination of a Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) Diagram Using Dilatometric Analysis of M398 High-Alloy Tool Steel Produced by Microclean Powder Metallurgy", Materials, Bd. 16, Nr. 12, S. 4473, Juni 2023.

DOI: 10.3390/ma16124473

[4] J. Dykas, L. Samek, A. Grajcar, und A. Kozłowska, "Modelling of Phase Diagrams and Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams of Medium Manganese Steels", Symmetry, Bd. 15, Nr. 2, S. 381, Feb. 2023.

DOI: 10.3390/sym15020381

[5] S. C. Cha u. a., "CALPHAD-based alloy design for advanced automotive steels - Part I: Development of bearing steels with enhanced strength and optimized microstructure", Calphad, Bd. 54, S. 165–171, 2016.

DOI: 10.1016/j.calphad.2016.04.007

[6] A. Panda, A. K. Sahoo, R. Kumar, und R. K. Das, "A review on machinability aspects for AISI 52100 bearing steel", Materials Today: Proceedings, Bd. 23, S. 617–621, 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.05.422

[7] T. Coors, Y. Faqiri, F. Saure, F. Pape, T. Hassel, und G. Poll, "Wear of Tailored Forming Steels", Adv Eng Mater, S. 2201740, Mai 2023.

DOI: 10.1002/adem.202201740

[8] "DIN 51819-1:2016-12, Prüfung von Schmierstoffen_- Mechanisch-dynamische Prüfung auf dem Wälzlagerschmierstoff-Prüfgerät FE8_- Teil_1: Allgemeine Arbeitsgrundlagen", Beuth Verlag GmbH.

DOI: 10.31030/2577274

[9] H. Berns, Hrsg., Hartlegierungen und Hartverbundwerkstoffe. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-51505-7

[10] F. Jeglitsch, "NIOBIUM IN TOOL STEELS AND CEMENTED CARBIDES", 2002. [Online]. Verfügbar unter: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229360204

[11] E. Kocaman, B. Kılınç, M. Durmaz, Ş. Şen, und U. Şen, "The influence of chromium content on wear and corrosion behavior of surface alloyed steel with Fe(16−x)Crx(B,C)4 electrode", Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, Bd. 24, Nr. 2, S. 533–542, Apr. 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2020.08.003

[12] S. Taylor, V. Janik, R. Grimes, und R. Dashwood, "Study on the Influence of Nickel Additions on AA7020 Formability Under Superplastic Forming Like Conditions", Met. Mater. Int., Bd. 29, Nr. 9, S. 2597–2604, Sep. 2023.

DOI: 10.1007/s12540-023-01396-9

[13] T. Blohm, M. Mildebrath, M. Stonis, J. Langner, T. Hassel, und B.-A. Behrens, "Investigation of the coating thickness of plasma-transferred arc deposition welded and cross wedge rolled hybrid parts", Production Engineering, Bd. 11, März 2017.

DOI: 10.1007/s11740-017-0734-7

[14] J. Wilden, J. P. Bergmann, H. Frank, S. Pinzl, und F. Schreiber, "Thin Plasma- Transferred- Arc Welded Coatings - an Alternative to Thermally Sprayed Coatings?", gehalten auf der ITSC2004, B. R. Marple und C. Moreau, Hrsg., Osaka, Japan, Mai 2004, S. 556-561.

DOI: 10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2004p0556

[15] A. Y. C. Nee, Hrsg., Handbook of Manufacturing Engineering and Technology. London: Springer London, 2015.

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4670-4

[16] U. Dilthey, Hrsg., Schweisstechnische Fertigungsverfahren. 2: Verhalten der Werkstoffe beim Schweißen / Ulrich Dilthey, 3., Bearb. Aufl. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2005.

DOI: 10.1007/b139036

[17] J. Li und C. Shi, "Carbides in Special Steel", in Carbide in Special Steel, in Engineering Materials. , Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021, S. 1–57.

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-1456-9_1

[18] L. Xu, S. Wei, J. Xing, und R. Long, "Effects of carbon content and sliding ratio on wear behavior of high-vanadium high-speed steel (HVHSS) under high-stress rolling–sliding contact", Tribology International, Bd. 70, S. 34–41, Feb. 2014.

DOI: 10.1016/j.triboint.2013.09.021

[19] K. Wieczerzak, P. Bała, M. Stępień, G. Cios, und T. Kozieł, "The Characterization Of Cast Fe-Cr-C Alloy", Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, Bd. 60, Nr. 2, S. 779–782, Juni 2015.

DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0206

[20] J.-H. Chen u. a., "Microstructure and abrasive wear properties of Fe-Cr-C hardfacing alloy cladding manufactured by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)", Met. Mater. Int., Bd. 19, Nr. 1, S. 93–98, Jän. 2013.

DOI: 10.1007/s12540-013-1015-4

[21] H. Berns, "Entstehung des Gefüges bei der Fertigung", in Hartlegierungen und Hartverbundwerkstoffe, H. Berns, Hrsg., Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998, S. 13–25.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-51505-7_2