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Assessment of the Potential of CO₂ as a Lubricant in Cold Forging of Low-Carbon Mild Steel

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Abstract:

Lubrication plays a crucial role in cold forging, influencing key factors such as material flow, surface quality and tool wear. The current state of the art presents conventional mineral-oil-based lubricants as one of a range of effective solutions; however, they generate residues, require cleaning and pose environmental concerns. This work explores CO₂ snow as a potential residue-free, sustainable alternative for cold forming of mild steels. Miniature spike tests were conducted to characterise friction behaviour under varying lubrication and surface conditions. The study demonstrates that CO₂ snow can effectively reduce friction, promote favourable material flow and achieve surface finishes comparable to conventional oils, while eliminating residue and post-processing requirements. These findings suggest that CO₂ snow represents a promising eco-friendly lubrication strategy, offering both technical performance and environmental benefits for sustainable cold forging operations.

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Periodical:

Materials Science Forum (Volume 1184)

Pages:

75-83

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-W7c2NX

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

April 2026

Authors:

Diego Rafael Alba*, Alexander Weiss, Gerd Reichardt, Mathias Liewald

Keywords:

Carbon Dioxide, Cold Forging, Friction Characterisation, Miniature Spike Test

Funder:

The publication of this article was funded by the University of Stuttgart

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Creative Commons CC BY 4.0

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* - Corresponding Author

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