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Novel Non-Destructive Approach for Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) Boundary Identification in Cold-Formed A 240 TP 304L Stainless Steel Using Magnetic Measurements
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Novel Non-Destructive Approach for Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) Boundary Identification in Cold-Formed A 240 TP 304L Stainless Steel Using Magnetic Measurements

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Abstract:

The cold forming of A 240 TP 304L stainless steel, as used in pressure vessel dish heads, introduces significant plastic deformation and internal stress-strain, which can lead to microstructural defects like hairline cracks. While plasma cutting is an efficient fabrication method, it creates a Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ), where thermal effects can obscure the stress-strain state, making it difficult to accurately identify defects. The study compared two methods for identifying the HAZ boundary: hardness measurements and magnetic measurements. Hardness measurements proved to be an unreliable method for defining the HAZ boundary, as the hardness values at the edges of the specimen showed insignificant and inconsistent differences compared to the central region. This is likely because the rapid heating from plasma cutting did not allow sufficient time for grain relaxation. In contrast, the magnetic measurement method proved to be a highly effective and relevant approach. Microstructural deformation resulting from shear forces during metal forming and plasma cutting causes a shift in the steel’s properties from paramagnetic to weakly ferromagnetic. This change creates a distinct magnetic remanence signature that clearly differentiates the HAZ from the parent material. Therefore, the induced magnetic property serves as a reliable, indirect indicator for the HAZ boundary. The non-contact and non-destructive nature of this magnetic measurement technique makes it a superior alternative to traditional methods that are often destructive, such an involve sectioning, or may fail to detect subsurface defects that are not visible during an inspection. This method holds significant potential for application in the manufacturing industry to enhance quality control and ensure the integrity of A 240 TP 304L stainless steel components.

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Periodical:

Materials Science Forum (Volume 1195)

Pages:

13-21

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-C4q7xI

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Online since:

June 2026

Authors:

Nandang Abdul Holik Nurjalal, Hamdan Akbar Notonegoro*, Hendra Hendra, Paulo Maria de O. Silva

Keywords:

A 240 TP 304L, Boundary, HAZ, Indirect Indicator, Magnetic Measurement

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© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

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